The Basics of Essay Samples Images

The Basics of Essay Samples Images So as a way to receive a small relief from this excess burden, it is critical that students obtain their essays written by online professionals. In writing a composition or an essay, it's crucial to know your examiners won't only examine your content but in addition look at important things like your grammar, punctuation, and your style of writing. Some students find a great deal of difficulty writing the essay, even if they can discover strong points. A teacher's portfolio can contain an assortment of different parts of evidence which work to demonstrate their ability for a teacher. As a writer, you have the choice of narrowing the reach of your paper. Students should settle on which position they need to take based upon the amount and caliber of the points they're ready to come up with to support their position. They must have a high level of discipline to have on a uniform because this method of dressing does not allow you to dress in an y other fashion or particular style that you desire. There are a few topics which are absolutely unseen and students find difficulty in locating the proper direction and method of information collection. You need to read the example answers to have ideas about what are good forms of answers and what are bad varieties of answers. Our Harvard style papers are also custom written in line with the instructions supplied by our customers. You are able to read more on the subject of the different citation styles at this site. What You Don't Know About Essay Samples Images Another thing to remember about assumptions is that the number of assumptions you're in a position to make depends in large part on the scope and duration of your paper. Basically however, the idea is to refrain from making assumptions that very few or no acceptable men and women would make. When selecting a definition, bear in mind that there are many kinds of ethical arguments and that the manner in which you ar gue for your specific claim depends in large part on how you define your terms. Quite simply, an ethical argument tries to demonstrate that a particular issue is either morally right or wrong. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Essay Samples Images First things first, You will want to choose what type of information to put in your disclaimer. You would then have to supply an argument which indicates that a specific mind-independent moral obligation exists. The very first portion of making this kind of argument is normally establishing that we have a tendency to care about and sympathize with different humans. You would have to first provide an argument for the presence of mind-independent moral obligations. The Essay Samples Images Stories Enlarge your wordlist, if you don't need the examiners to truly feel bored due to the restricted vocabulary. Most teachers keep sample papers from prior years and they're always keen to share them with students who must find samples. It is also critical for students as soon as it comes to English Language examinations. With this implementation of uniforms, students do not need to be worried about attempting to outshine different students in dressing. Where to Find Essay Samples Images The writing of a disclaimer can be a hard job for a person who has never written one before, therefore I will supply you with a concise guide which you can use and follow. From that point, your task for a writer would be to demonstrate that the action which you're claiming is ethical improves human well-being. A professionally written resume can help you acquire the job which you need and the pay you deserve. Facts, Fiction and Essay Samples Images There could be hundreds of more people that are aspiring to become part of that school and you may need to face a stiff competition with them. Let's say that you're writing an essay on The significant causes of Road Accidents in your City, it's obvious you're going to develop a coup le points. The majority of them are designed particularly for children and teenagers, and my students have found them tremendously helpful. A project is something to help you become from a photographic slump, doing the exact thing over and over again. The Tried and True Method for Essay Samples Images in Step by Step Detail Therefore, if you're searching for assistance in writing a resume, you might want to start looking into using an internet or downloadable resume builder. Teachers seeking work in today's market have to use every tool at their disposal the teaching job market is quite tough, and that means you will need every benefit. Finding out how to persuade and influence will produce the difference between hoping to have a better income and having a better income. In reality, there doesn't appear to be a big difference between the resume software package and the online resume builder except that one which you download to your hard disk and the other you've got to see t he site to work from. Photograph the rooms and the details, which means that you might need to work with distinct lenses. Just makes sure you include a group of those. 1 photo essay idea I have always wished to try is to photograph one landmark from several different vantage points. At this point you have a group of folks sharing and liking your images.

Australian Holden Motor Limited Diversification Strategy Research Paper

Essays on Australian Holden Motor Limited Diversification Strategy Research Paper The paper "Australian Holden Motor Limited Diversification Strategy" is an excellent example of a research paper on marketing. This paper seeks to provide information about the Australian Holden Motor Limited diversification strategy. The diversification strategy is in terms of brands it produces, the quality and other aspects of diversification. The paper is divided into the section to provide relevant information under every heading and subheading. The information about Holden is collected from other research conducted on the company as well as information from secondary sources such as the internet. The paper will, therefore, be presented in the form of a report to reflect will on the issue of diversification. Finally, this paper is aimed at marketing Holden Ltd Australia to China and comes as a proposal.2.0 BackgroundGeneral Motor Holden Limited is a secondary branch of Australian General Motor located in Victoria-Melbourne (General Motors-Holden’s Limited, 1953). It was f ounded by James Alexander Holden back in 1885 and in 1908 it started dealing in automotive. The dream of building a car that was exclusively Australian was conceived towards the end of the 1930s but it was put on waiting after the emergence of the Second World War (AG, 2011). During the war period, the company produced over 30,000 bodies for not only Australian but also United States forces. It was also involved in building other equipment like guns, boats, aircraft, trucks, airplanes as well as marine engines and parts. Currently, Holden has produced a wide variety of local vehicles with the help of imported General Motor models. Holden has contributed to building other models like Nissan, Vauxhall, Toyota, Suzuki, and Chevrolet. In addition, most if not all of the Australian built vehicles are assembled at South Australia-Elizabeth; with engines made at Fishermans in Melbourne. Despite Holden’s contribution to export has varied since 1950, the strategy of minimizing sales l arge cars in Australia has made the company look for greener pastures in the international market with the aim of increasing profitability (General Motors-Holden’s Limited, 1953).Holden Barina is one of the automotive models manufactured by Holden Limited and it has been on the market since 1985. Furthermore, the company manufactures vehicles such as Epica, Sportsman, Ute, Cruze, Commodore, Combo, Colorado, Captiva, Caprice and Calais (HBR, 2010). The â€Å"state of the art† facilities give the company a competitive edge over other automobile manufacturing companies not only in Australia but also abroad. The company’s values include â€Å"being a workplace of choice, driving a culture of accountability to deliver outstanding business results.† In addition, the company strives to make its products and vehicles relevant, sustainable as well as accessible to all people and at the same time provide outstanding customer service. The goal of the company is to b e recognized as the frontrunner in services and operations, environmentally sustainable products (AG, 2011).

Jimmy Carter Essay Example For Students

Jimmy Carter Essay The President of Peace Jimmy Carter was born October 1, 1924, in the small farming town of Plains, Georgia, and grew up in the nearby community of Archery. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr., was a farmer and businessman; his mother, Lillian Gordy, a registered nurse. He was educated in the Plains public schools, attended Georgia Southwestern College and the Georgia Institute of Technology, and received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1946. On July 7, 1946, he married Rosalynn Smith. When his father died in 1953, he resigned a naval commission and returned to Plains. He became involved in the affairs of the community, serving as chairman of the county school board and the first president of the Georgia Planning Association. In 1962 he won election to the Georgia Senate. He lost his first gubernatorial campaign in 1966, but won the next election, becoming Georgias 76th governor on January 12, 1971. He was the Democratic National Committee campaign chairman for the 1974 congressional elections (Hochman html). After only serving one term as governor of Georgia he announced his candidacy for president of the United States on December 12, 1974. He won his partys nomination on the first ballot at the 1976 Democratic National Convention, and was elected the 39th president of the United States on November 2, 1976. During his presidency, Jimmy Carter made many important foreign policy accomplishments, including the Panama Canal treaties, the Diplomatic relations with China, and the Salt II treaty with the Soviet Union. Jimmy Carters first foreign policy accomplishment, and by the United States citizens, the most popular, were the Panama Canal treaties. After more than eighty years after the first official ocean-to-ocean transit of the Panama Canal, the United States and Panama embarked on a partnership for the management, operation and defense of the Panama Canal. Under two treaties signed in a ceremony at the OAS headquarters in Was hington, D.C., on September 7, 1977, the canal would be operated by the United States until the turn of the century under arrangements designed to strengthen the bonds of friendship and cooperation between the two countries. The treaties were approved by Panama in a plebiscite on October 23, 1977, and the United States Senate gave its advice and consent to their ratification in March and April 1978. The new treaties went into effect October 1, 1979 (Yahoo.com). The new treaties, passed under the Carter administration and Panamas head of state Omar Torrijos would give Panama full control of the canal on December 31, 1999, at 12:00 midnight. All of the canals assets would also be turned over to Panama (Lycos.com). The ratification of the Panama Canal treaties was an important step involving a decrease in Third World hostility toward the United States (Dumbrell 212). Carter and his advisors agreed even before the inauguration that the canal negotiations should be an immediate priority. If the United States did not successfully complete negotiations, which had been going on since the Johnson administration, the government of Panama might create conflict in the zone that would require drastic American action (Hargrove 123). Another of President Jimmy Carters foreign policy accomplishments was his normalizing relations with the Peoples Republic of China. Over the winter of 1977-1978 Carter cultivated relations with Chinese officials in Washington, and solicited an official invitation to visit China himself. However the president pulled back after his advisor Mondale stated that it was too much to ask the senate to handle the Panama Canal treaties and any new agreements with China at the same time. President Carter was thus told not to be explicit about normalization, and that his visit to China was inconclusive. In the Spring of 1978 president Carter decided that the Secretary of State Vance would visit China. Vance would visit China but would not be authorized to negotiate about normalization because Carter was afraid it might hurt developing relations with Russia and Japan. The United States and the Soviet Union were beginning to negotiate a S.A.L.T. (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) treaty, and Presi dent Carter was determined not to delay any SALT negotiations. Vance was not authorized to negotiate in China, but did a good job of laying the groundwork for future agreements. .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .postImageUrl , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:hover , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:visited , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:active { border:0!important; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:active , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: President John F. Kennedy EssayIn the summer and Fall of 1978 president Carter negotiated the terms of normalization directly with the Chinese through the United States ambassador to China, Leonard Woodcock. Jimmy Carter believed that having better relations and stronger ties with China would help bring negotiations with the Soviet Union to a successful end. Directly after normalization terms concluded with China, president Carter pushed for a SALT treaty. By January 1979, Vance had met with Chinas Andrei Gromyko in Geneva to put the finishing touches to SALT (130, 131). By the later part of Jimmy Carters presidency, relations with the Soviet Union began to arise. The United States and the Soviet Union were working together on general terms for a SALT II treaty. Ceilings were set on the number of total strategic nuclear launch vehicles along with a subceiling for vehicles with multiple warheads that each country could hold. The Soviets could keep their total number of missiles and continue to add multiple warheads to them. The United States could increase their number of missiles and warheads up to the ceilings. The two unresolved issues were whether a new Soviet plane, the Backfire, was an offensive bomber (if so it would be included in the agreement) and whether the American Cruise missile, which was not mentioned to the Soviets for some time, would be considered a missile in terms of the Vladivostok agreement. Assuming the possibility of agreement on Backfire and the Cruise, a SALT II treaty based on the Vladivostok meeting would have stabilized the arms race but not reduced weapons arsenals. Limits were set on future development with the goal of parity. Soviet leader Brezhnev made it clear that the Soviets wanted a quick SALT agreement based on Vladivostok, with the Cruise missile included and the Backfire excluded. President Carter in turn suggested that the SALT II could be concluded without Cruise or Backfire but that it might be possible to move toward SALT III with deep reductions in existing forces. The Soviet leaders were uneasy about President Carters proposal to conclude SALT II, and were also concerned about sharp reductions in their existing weapons. The Soviet Union later accepted constraints on both Soviet Backfire and the American Cruise missile as part of the SALT II agreement. Basic agreement between the two nations on SALT II negotiations were achieved in April 1979, but an official SALT II treaty was never ratified. Final differences rounded out at the Carter-Brezhnev summit meeting in June of 1979 (134, 135). The Panama Canal treaties, the normalizing relations with China, and the SALT II treaty with the Soviet Union were among Jimmy Carters important foreign policy accomplishments during his presidency. The two broad foreign policy perspectives Jimmy Carter brought to his presidency was a determination to attack and resolve a number of difficult and outstanding problems. Ratification of the Panama Canal treaties was an important step in that direction. It signaled Jimmy Carters willingness to take on issues that Eisenhower, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford had considered too tricky (Dumbrell 212). Some saw losing the canal as a major loss to the United States because estimated construction costs were around $387 million and the United States had invested about $3 billion in the enterprise since 1903. The majority of the United States citizens had overlooked the money spent on the canal and saw it as a great opportunity to improve relations with Panama. The relations president Carter set with Chi na was also an important step in resolving world peace matters. By giving China full diplomatic recognition, it gave the United States a more neutral stance throughout the world. President Jimmy Carters last great foreign policy achievement before his presidency was over, were the Strategic Arms Limitation negotiations with the Soviet Union. Despite failure of the SALT II treaty being ratified, it set an agreement for the heavy cut back of nuclear weapons for both the United States and the Soviet Union. This was a relief to the citizens of the United States in a sense that the nuclear arms race was coming to a halt. Jimmy Carter was a man who made the most of his opportunities and did what was best, in his mind, for the general public of all United States. The puzzle about the Carter presidency which may never be fully answered is why Jimmy Carter became so unpopular with the media, politicians and the general public, and stayed unpopular during the presidency of his successor. With more political skill, and a good bit more luck, Jimmy Carter might have been a second term president.Bibliography: Works CitedDumbrell, John. The Carter Presidency: A Re-Evaluation. 2nd ed. Manchester UP, 1995. .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .postImageUrl , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:hover , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:visited , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:active { border:0!important; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:active , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Glossary: AARON EssayHargrove, Erwin C. Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1998. Hochman, Steven H. Metacrawler.com: October 1, 1997. . Lycos.com: September 21, 1997. http:/www.simulations.com/panamacanal/index.htm. Yahoo.com: March 1, 1998. http:/www.pancanal.com/ctransition/.

The Role and Effect of Merger and Acquisation in Bank Recapitalization in Nigeria Essay Example

The Role and Effect of Merger and Acquisation in Bank Recapitalization in Nigeria Essay Merger can be defined as the combining of companies; the joining together of two or more companies or organisations and An Acquisition can be defined as the act of acquiring something According to the Encarta Dictionaries. According to answers. com, Recapitalization is restructuring a company’s debt and equity mixture, most often with the aim of making a company’s capital structure more stable. Essentially, the process involves the exchange of one form of financing for another, such as removing preferred shares from the company’s capital structure and replacing them with bonds. Recapitalization in Nigeria banking sector, has built a solid foundation for Nigerian banks to compete favourably with their counterpart world over. Recapitalization causes unemployment due to downsizing, merger and acquisition, it causes deflation as more money is raked from peoples hand (through sales of shares) In order to build the new capital base. It also leads to current crisis of the banking sector (I. e. he unethical lending’s without collateral as the banks has so much money to give to nobody as the recapitalization is aimed at attracting foreign investors that cries of the country’s weak financial/capital market. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY GLOBAL VIEW Abstract We study the stock market valuation of mergers and acquisitions in the European banking industry. Based on a sample of very large deals observed from 1988 to 1997 we document that, on average, at the announcement time the size-adjusted combined performance of both the bidder and the target is statistically significant and economically relevant. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role and Effect of Merger and Acquisation in Bank Recapitalization in Nigeria specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Role and Effect of Merger and Acquisation in Bank Recapitalization in Nigeria specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Role and Effect of Merger and Acquisation in Bank Recapitalization in Nigeria specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although our sample shows a great deal of cross-sectional variation, the general results are mainly driven by the significant positive abnormal returns associated with the announcement of domestic bank to bank deals and by product diversification of banks into insurance. On the contrary, we found that MA with securities and conclude with foreign institutions did not gain a positive market’s expectation. Our results are remarkably different from those reported for US bank mergers. We explain our different as stemming from the different structure and regulation of EU banking markets, which are shown to be more similar between them than as compared with the US one. Abstract purpose-Recapitalization, mergers and acquisitions are the most crucial issues confronting the banking industry in recent times. Yet information relating to these issues is rarely reported in print. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a survey aimed at understanding the challenges faced within the banking industry and the reactions of the banking underwriters towards the recapitalization exercise. MERGER AND ACQUISITION IN NIGERIA’S PERSPECTIVE Following the announcement by the central bank of Nigeria on July 6, 2004 about a major reform program that would transform the banking landscape of the country, an unprecedented process of merger and acquisition has taken place in the Nigerian Banking Sector shrinking the number of banks from 89 banks to 25 banks or banking groups involving 76 banks which altogether account for 93. 5% of the deposit share of the market. Thirteen (13) out of the 89 banks, accounting for only 6. 5% of the deposit share of the industry were not able to make it (CBN, 2006). Mergers and acquisitions represent the ultimate in change for a business and it is expected to add value to the business. No other event is more difficult, challenging, or chaotic as a merger and acquisition. It is imperative that everyone involved in the process has a clear understanding of how the process works. However, merger and acquisitions do not add value in all cases (Ajayi, 2005). There are cases where the synergies projected for merger and acquisition deals are not achieved. Problems and cultural issues are often cited as the top factors in failed integrations. While merger and acquisition activities constitute a growing area of study, the research currently suffers from several limitations. The problem most commonly cited is that the vast majority of work in the area is either based on case study in developed countries. The main thrust of the 13-point reform agenda was the prescription of a minimum shareholders’ funds of N25billion for a Nigerian deposit money bank not later than December 31,2005. The banks were expected to shore up their capital through the injection of fresh funds where applicable, but were most importantly encouraged to enter into merger/acquisitions arrangements with other relatively smaller banks thus taking the advantage of economies of scale to reduce cost of doing business and enhance their competitiveness locally an internationally. Furthermore, there have been no studies that evaluate the effects of merger and acquisition in bank recapitalization in Nigeria as it is a rare occurrence in the country not until the recent banks mergers and acquisitions witnessed in the banking sector as occasioned by the banking reform. This study shall attempts to bridge this gap. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The recent outbreak of bank mergers in Nigeria is attracting much attention, partly because of heightened interest in what motivates firms to merge and how mergers affect efficiency. However, there are often two distinct views to the rationale behind merger and acquisition. The first held view of mergers, especially those involving mega firms, is that firms are merging just to get bigger and not to get more efficient. Accompanying that notion is the fear that as merging firms grab greater market share, individual freedoms, competition and efficiency are threatened, because bigger is perceived as greater concentration of power. The second view holds that firms merger not just to get bigger but also to be more efficient. It is claimed that mergers enable the banking industry to take advantage of new opportunities created by changes in the technological and regulatory environment. A fallout of this is the reduction in the number of banks nationwide but the concentration of power in local banking markets has not increased. And the very force of regulatory change that spurred bank mergers is also bringing new sources of competition to local banking markets. Hence, mergers are playing a useful role in reshaping the banking industry without risking a lack of competition however, it impacts on efficiency deserves attention. This study shall investigate these two contrasting views by examining the effect of the merger and acquisition that had taken place in the Nigerian banking sector on the efficiencies of a selected bank. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The purpose of this project is to examine the overall motive for banks mergers and acquisitions in the Nigerian banking sector, The study will also focus on these objectives: 1). To investigate the impact of merger and acquisition on bank efficiency. 2). To examine the impact of merger and acquisition on the level of competitiveness in the Nigerian banking sector. 3). To identify the motives behind corporate merger and acquisition. 4). To identify those that would benefit and lose in the merger and acquisition process. LITERATURE REVIEW Mergerstat review: international mergers and acquisitions research focuses primarily on wealth transfers. For instance, Doukas and Travlos (1988), besides offering an excellent review of this literature, contrasts the returns to shareholders from U. S and non U. S. based firms expanding into foreign markets. Conn Connell (1990) also include an extensive literature review of merger and acquisitions within their empirical study of wealth transfers between U. S. and British firms expansion into each other’s markets. Outside of the wealth transfer research, empirical international merger and acquisition research is lagging behind its domestic (e. g. ; U. S. ) counterpart which is rich in studies from the perspective of both sides of the negotiation table. Article from Antitrust Bulletin This article provides a broad-brush treatment of the empirical economies literature regarding the effects of merger acquisitions. Much of the literature has direct or indirect implications for competition policy. Merger and acquisition motives There are a number of motives that might play a role in merger activity. The most general motive is simply that the purchasing firm considers the acquisition to be a profitable investment. The most common theme found in the work of economists who have written about merger activity is that mergers are often thought of as an alternative form of investment. Firms will undertake acquisitions when it is the most profitable means of enhancing capacity, obtaining new knowledge or skills, entering new product or geographic areas, or reallocating assets into the control of the most effective managers/owners. Thus many of the same factors that influence major investment decisions would also influence major investment decisions would also influence merger activity. Firms may combine their operations through mergers and acquisitions of corporate assets to reduce production costs, increase output, improve product quality, obtain new technologies, or provide entirely new products. The potential efficiency benefits from mergers and acquisitions include both operating and managerial efficiencies. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The study would examine the following questions: 1). What are the implications of bank merger and acquisition? 2). What are the motives behind bank merger and acquisition? 3). How do merger and acquisition impact on efficiency? 4). How would bank merger and acquisition affect competition in the Nigerian banking sector? 5). What are the benefits and short-comings of merger and acquisition? HYPOTHESIS An hypothesis according to the Encarta dictionary is a theory needing investigation; a tentative explanation for a phenomenon, used as a basis for further investigation OR its also an assumption; a statement that is assumed to be true for the sake of argument. The hypothesis that would be tested in the course of this research is stated below as: 1). That bank merger and acquisition does not affect the banks performance in Nigeria 2). That bank merger and acquisition affects the banks performance in Nigeria RESEARCH METHODOLGY The research work will make use of the econometric procedure in estimating the relationship between the effect of merger and acquisition in bank recapitalization in Nigeria . The ordinary least square (O. L. S) technique will be employed in obtaining the numerical estimate to coefficient in different equation. The O. L. S method is chosen because it possess some optimal properties; its computational procedures is fairly simple and it is also an essential component of most other estimation technique. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY One major significance of this project work relates to the evaluation of merger and acquisition in terms of its impact on efficiency in the post-consolidation era in the Nigerian banking sector. This will serve as a yardstick for the justification for the recent bank merger and acquisition in the Nigerian banking sector. DEFINITIONS OF RELATED TERMS (i) Merger:- A merger (or an amalgamation) occurs when two or more companies transfer their businesses and assets to a new company (or to one of themselves) and in consideration, their members receive shares in the transferee company. (ii) Amalgamation:- The word ‘amalgamation’ is sometimes used interchangeably with the word â€Å"merger†. Like merger, an amalgamation is the fusion of the businesses of two or more companies under the ownership of one company while retaining the rights and interests of members of the fusing companies. iii) Acquisition:- An acquisition occurs when one company acquires sufficient shares in another company so as to give it control of that other company. This may be by a take-over bid or by purchasing shares in the market. (iv) Take–Over/Take–Over Bid:- This is an offer to acquire shares of a company, whose shares are not closely held, addressed to the general body of shareholders, with a view to obtaining at least sufficient shares to give the offeror voting control of the company. SCOPE OF THE STUDY Although, about twenty-five banks emerged after the recapitalisation exercise, nineteen of them were products of merged banks. However, the merger between Standard Trust Bank and United Bank for Africa was the least expected and many are of the opinion that the merger was not to meet the December 31 deadline of the apex, but fuelled by the need to survive and be a major player in the post-consolidation era in Nigerian banking sector. In carrying out this research work, attention would be focused on the Nigerian Banking Industry with special reference to the merger between United bank for Africa (UBA) and Standard Trust Bank (STB). Besides, the field survey shall be conducted only in Lagos branches of the new United Bank for Africa (UBA). LIMITATION OF THE SYUDY The limitation of this study are insufficient time to carryout a deeper study, unwillingness of some organisations to divulge information, distance of some companies of choice and insufficient fund, limited materials to research with.

buy custom The Spanish American War essay

buy custom The Spanish American War essay The Spanish American War began just like many other wars in the sense that opposing forces were competing for dominance or independence on different grounds. The Spanish American War began officially on the 25th of April 1898 and came to an end on the 10th of December 1898 (Graves, 2000). The main issue behind the war was that Cuban revolutionary groups that had been firmly established wanted independence from Spain. It is arguably true that Spain had dominated most of the west since it was the first European nation that set its eyes on the western part of the world. This is to say that Spain was the first European nation to sail westwards across the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, Spain had taken bigger part of the west, extending its territories from Virginia (the United States of America) to South America (Brazil, Alaska, and California) and to the southernmost tip of the South American mainland (Tierra del Fuego) (Library of Congress, 2011). This dominance of Spain made the Cuban revo lutionary groups demand their independence. Since there was no agreement over this demand, the United States supported the rebels, thus, prompting a war between the United States and Spain. Commence of the War A war against Spain began on February 18th after a battle ship Maine exploded at Havana, one of Cubas main harbours. This prompted president McKinley to declare war against Spain after local newspapers blamed Spain over this event (Hendrickson, 2003). The American media led to a lot of public pressure, whereby many American citizens demanded action against Spain. Therefore, the American authorities had no option but to declare the war that had different consequences. In this regard, the sinking of the United States ship in Havana is truly one of the main catalysts of the war. Military aggressiveness is one of the most viable ways to provoke another country into war because it is the main way a country can illustrate its dominance over the other. Yellow Journalism The pressure piled upon the United States government was actively supported by journalists who were determined to use visual evidence on how the situation developed between the two countries after the sinking of the battle ship. This effect of journalism is commonly known as yellow journalism. According to Dolan (15), journalists usually choose to use circumstantial evidence to tell their stories with an aim of maximizing on their sales. In this regard, two journalists, Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst, were at the centre stage of yellow journalism that led to the American Spanish war. Dolan (21) posits that the two men were extraordinarily influential through their journalism career, making the work of the president of that time terribly difficult. Both Hearst and Pulitzer used their New York journal, and the New York world newspapers respectively to win the mind of many readers using non-researched publications, a fat tactic that was able to convince many Americans that the Spani sh American war was necessary and called for. Unfortunately, this method could be fallacious because it is not research based. For instance, yellow journalism at that time relied on the Cuban patriots for information (23). This eans thatfacts, as presented by the journalist, could not be accurate, hence, pushing the government into a war that was not necessary. However, the yellow journalism effect was successful since the war was started. On the other hand, the facts could be correct since the Spanish rule was dictatorial, especially in Cuba and in other colonies. The effect of yellow journalism also provoked America into war. Before the war begun, President William McKinley was keen to use negotiation as a means to secure the much-needed independence. This portrayed him as a nonaggressive president who would make enough efforts to avoid war. Hendrickson (8) asserts that the most conspicuous step that the president took in this attempt was sending his personal representative Stewart Woodford to Spain in 1887. Although this was in an attempt to give dialogue a chance, it was thwarted by the so-called De Lome letter. Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish minister to the United States, had written the infamous letter. According to the minister, American politicians preferred an aggressive policy towards Spain. However, this assertion was contrary to McKinleys preference. Therefore, the minister wrote the letter expressing his reservations that the president could fall for the politicians' views and disadvantage Spain. This letter leaked to William R adolph Hearst who published it in February 1898, leading to recalling of the Spanish minister to the United States (8). This letter provoked many Americans who were outraged by the ministers comments, hence, pushing their government to take military actions against Spain. This culminated into a full-blown war. The Cuban junta played a singularly critical role in ensuring that the letter was published to the public. According to Trask (2011), Cuban junta first received the letter. They forwarded it to Radolph for straight away publication. In addition, the juntas were tremendously helpful to the military activities. This is because they provided leadership skills to the military groupings that were fighting the Spanish. Similarly, the junta provided funds in support of the preparations for war. Barnes (66) reveals that the Cuban junta was the political wing of the Cuban revolutionary party that established in 1895 in New York under Thomas Estrada Palmas, a Cuban dictator. This group was established to seek support from Americans against the Spanish. Major Battles The Spanish American War presented a number of fierce battles that led to the defeat of the Spanish. The Battle of Manila Bay was one of these battles. It occurred on May 1, 1898, when Spanish fleet that was near a place called Cavite was destroyed by American forces under the command of George Dewey. This battle is purported to be one sided since the United States emerged superbly victorious. The battle was particularly decisive since it frustrated Spanish naval efforts as its ships were destroyed. The battle left many Spanish soldiers dead and only two Americans dying indirectly (Dolan, 38). This battle destroyed most, if not all, Spanish naval power, thus, enabling America to protect its pacific coast. In addition, Spanish forces in Cuba could not be reinforced, hence, weakeningg them. In May 1898, American soldiers launched another battle at Santiago, blocking the harbour and preventing the Spanish from using it for supplies. George Dewey used this strategy to weaken the Spanish army even further. The Spanish army was based in Santiago under the leadership of Pascual Cervera, meaning that the capture of the harbour was detrimental to the Spanish. Invasion of the eastern shore in 1898 via Santiago was facilitated by a coordinated effort between General William Shafter and Theodore Roosevelt who was commanding his cavalry (rough riders) that was the first volunteer into the battle. The Spanish forces in Santiago surrendered as American forces took over Puerto Rico (Graves, 2000). San Juan was under the United States control when the Spanish attempted to take over. However, the battle saw the Spanish troops fail to capture it while the American continued controlling the blockade. Again, the Spanish lost heavily in the battle of San Juan, which took place on the 22nd of June, 1898. After the battle of Santiago at Santiago de Cuba, the Spanish army was weakened largely. When Cervera discovered this, he tried to escape westwards on July 3rd, 1898 (Trask, 2011). However, his ships were attacked by the United States, leaving them burning and in terrible conditions to continue with the war. This led to the ultimate surrender on July 17, thus, marking the end of the war. The Peace Treaty Following the defeat of the Spanish by the United States, the Spanish and American diplomats met in Paris, France, to negotiate a peace treaty. According to Graves (41), the treaty was signed on December 10, 1898. By then, the United States were controlling many overseas colonies, following the subsequent elimination of the Spanish. These colonies included the islands of Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines. In this event, the treaty, signed in France, allowed the United States to buy the Philippines from Spain for 40 million dollars. On the other hand, Cuba gained its independence from the Spanish. This is clear evidence that the pioneers of the war alongside the United States benefited in different ways. The urge by Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot top had the United States have a significant influence on other parts of the world, especially Asia.This was because the United States owned the mentioned islands fully. This position meant that the United States could build its economy from the additional natural resources it was controlling, just as it was with any other colonial authority. The Spanish American war is one of the most outstanding military events in the history of the United States. This is, perhaps, because Americans had indisputably emerged stronger than the Spaniards, who had a strong presence in the west. Therefore, the United States occupied an influential position in the world, implying that it could influence more issues that are global. The war events prooved the United States army was stronger and military wiser. This became evident after the Spaniards were defeated in virtually all key battles. This is probably the main reason why the peace treaty was signed in Paris, France, in December, 1898. Buy custom The Spanish American War essay

DNA Definition and Structure

DNA Definition and Structure DNA is the acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid, usually 2-deoxy-5-ribonucleic acid. DNA is a molecular code used within cells to form proteins. DNA is considered a genetic blueprint for an organism because every cell in the body that contains DNA has these instructions, which enable the organism to grow, repair itself, and reproduce. DNA Structure A single DNA molecule is shaped as a double helix made up of two strands of nucleotides that are bonded together. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen base, a sugar (ribose), and a phosphate group. The same 4 nitrogen bases are used as the genetic code for every strand of DNA, no matter which organism it comes from. The bases and their symbols are  adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). The bases on each strand of DNA are complementary to each other. Adenine always binds to thymine; guanine always binds to cytosine. These bases meet each other at the core of the DNA helix. The backbone of each strand is made of the deoxyribose and phosphate group of each nucleotide. The number 5 carbon of the ribose is covalently bonded to the phosphate group of the nucleotide. The phosphate group of one nucleotide binds to the number 3 carbon of the ribose of the next nucleotide. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the helix shape. The order of the nitrogenous bases has meaning, coding for amino acids that are joined together to make proteins. DNA is used as a template to make RNA through a process called transcription. The RNA uses molecular machinery called ribosomes, which use the code to make the amino acids and join them to make polypeptides and proteins. The process of making proteins from the RNA template is called translation. Discovery of DNA The  German biochemist Frederich Miescher first observed DNA in 1869, but he did not understand the function of the molecule. In 1953,  James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin described the structure of DNA and proposed how the molecule could code for heredity. While  Watson, Crick, and Wilkins received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material, Franklins contribution was neglected by the Nobel Prize committee. Importance of Knowing the Genetic Code In the modern era, its possible to sequence the entire genetic code for an organism. One consequence is that differences in DNA between healthy and sick individuals can help identify a genetic basis for some diseases. Genetic testing can help identify whether a person is at risk for these diseases, while gene therapy can correct certain problems in the genetic code. Comparing the genetic code of different species helps us understand the role of genes and allows us to trace the evolution and relationships between species

Public Health Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public Health Leadership - Assignment Example health management’s main objective is to highlight and manage challenges to public health as well as creating and implementing polices to support healthy population development and public health. Public health managers focus on educating the public on health issues, protective healthcare, inspections of health, regular screenings, disease diagnosis and treatment and immediate public health challenges identification. Public health leadership similarly touches on the planning and implementation of the requirements of the wider healthcare, (Donald, 1991). Public health leaders motivate followers, local and regional communities they serve. Similarly, leaders motivate healthcare population and create the objectives of the organization. Systems thinking apply to leadership definition in that it aids leaders to design effective, long-term solutions to public health challenges. Systems thinking provide an increasingly accurate nature of reality to enable leaders to work with natural forces of the systems (public health organization) to attain desired results, (Swayne, 2001). System thinking also encourages leaders to think of challenges and remedies with bird’s eye view. For instance, how might disease prevention appears at the long run in the public health organization, and what anticipated effects it might

East Asia Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

East Asia Studies - Essay Example Although much of the regional transformation in the recent years has been so positive, principally in the economic sphere, various challenges abound, this challenges pose the risk to stability in this region. It is rather hard to count on which of the two; economic and security, could trigger stability in the region. The discourse of security and economic situations has been hugely dominated by the rise of China’s economy which has a huge role of the foreign affairs and has also transformed the geographic landscape of the region, which has sent the policy makers in the region searching for effective ways to cooperate, while still evading uncertainty concerning its future course. Another trend that is being overlooked in the region is Japan’s own steady transformation. The growth of China in the region accompanied by global political influence and rapidly growing defense expenditures has stirred up the public sentiment of Japan towards China. Additionally, situations at the Korean peninsula have been in recent years has become increasingly destabilizing security and the geographical flashpoint. Most importantly the continued growth of China’s economy and its current modernization has the great security concern in the region (Beeson 187). Another reason for tension in the region and its neighbors is the use of water due to the increased population pressure; the whole per capita water accessibility has declined by between forty and sixty per cent. This creates a security concern in the scramble for resource now that there is a great rise of China population and the great industrialization in Japan the great weather that is experienced in the region does not come to of help to the highly populated region. The currency crisis has also been a major concern of the East Asian region. This issue has been of concern for quite a long time spreading from Thailand and becoming more regional. This issue has brought about retrospect in the imbalances of t he structure of the economy of Thailand which exposes it to short term debt; this has in turn affected the currency values of the countries that have had the same experience such as Koreas, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines (Beeson 206-210). Amongst these countries, some of them such as Indonesia did experience great currency movements; with their currency facing up to 80% loss of its value. It is significant to note that this financial crisis had an influence on the regional institutional development, and it affected the reputation and standing of the major powers in various ways with Japan suffering the greatest damage of its regional leadership ambitions (Beeson 203-206). With much concern to the environment, the capacity of China has faced some greater challenges which are associated with the continued processes of economic developments, which have also been extended beyond the borders. There is some indication of the impact of the population of China on the East Asian co untries with the growing prices of commodities and resources such as Oil. The consumption of such commodities in China continues to rise which brings about the continued thinking of the significant development and significant future of the East Asian. Some sources argue that unless the externalities that are associated wi

ICT impact on social networks size and strengths Essay Example for Free

ICT impact on social networks size and strengths Essay Information technology has formed the backbone of socio-economic progression. It has opened the social condensation and propelled communication and business progress to higher performance and productivity levels. However there are various implications on the society that are being looked at as checks and balances in this advancement. The hypothetical position on social networks as within the dimensional and convectional implications is that, ICT has reduced the strength of social networks as well as the strengths of the social networks. The overall and the subsequent repercussion is condensation of the social integration and incubating social diversity into a less dynamic society due to lack of social networks. Overview on ICT impact on social networks A debate has come up on this hypothetical implication on the social networks and how social integration can be reconstructed and strengthened again. According to various research attributes and findings on implications of ICT diversity in the society is mainly based on disintegration of social networks. Andreina M (2002) points out that information technology has become an important tool in the society. She argues that the impacts of the internet on sociability are more diverse. People with lower social skills are negatively affected by ICT developments. These assertion project ICT as a key element social network disintegration. Social networks, according to Andreina, M. , bring together people of different sorts and helps bond society constituents. What is the impact of ICT on social networks size and strength? The hypothetical argument of ICT disintegrating size and strength of social networks is based on the diversity of ICT. Alan N, John P, R (2002) point out that ICT is revolutionary. This makes its implications on social networks vilified. Current social-economic views on social networks and ICT Alan N, John P, R (2002) further argue that ICT is a major historical event. At individual level, the revolution might be related to the social impact of IT, in terms of new ways of relating to other people and maintaining social contacts. The behavioural impacts of two-way communications formats, like the internet and the telephone, i-phone and phone messaging. They are used subtly to establish and maintain social relationships forming new infrastructures that facilitate different patterns of interaction. These implications reduce the size and strength of the social networks. There is less communication between certain social partners and groups reducing social interaction. ii- Social networks A synopsis that draws out the contentious breakage of social networks is that they are units of the people who meet and mingle freely to discuss and share their aspects of live. Social networks have incubated new types of networks which fit in to the ICT revolution. Seen in the context of Andreina M (2002), cyberspace networks and cell phone communication-video conferencing social networks have emerged as the breakaway social networks as a result of weakening of human-social networks. The emergence of ICT weakened social networks, and Andreina informs of cognitive and social digital networks are part of the more general cognitive and social networks that individuals are in and can access. Traditional and electronic social networks In her argument on diversity of social network transformation, Andriena examines the rise of technology as also a filler of the gap left by the weakened and less sizeable social network. Social networks consist of mainly friends, family and business circles that regularly meet to share ideas and merge to reach various principal objectives. According to Andreina, this is the offline outlook of social networks. She argues that, the internet cognitive and cultural space cannot be considered separated from the offline experience. If conceptual, it is particularly true when considering the diffusion of ubiquitous technology and cross-channel integrated communications on the net. Andreina M (2002) This point out the dynamism in social networks is now being transformed into a less strong position which is the cyberspace and video conferencing in phones and group messaging through mobile telephony. Earlier outlook of the social networks drew out a picture of a cohesive society where in meeting and sharing through live conversations. The picture today is different, more mobile phone calls and emailing is seen to replace meetings hence, subsequent weakening and reduction of size of the social network. How social networks have changed with emergence of technology Emergence of ICT based networking has transformed the facade of social networking, especially on issue based perspective as well as cognitive socio-economic approach. Earliest communication technologies, like simple conversations that evolved into more long distance forms illustrate the basic nature of one-to-one targeted communications. Meyer. K. , John P, R, Alan N, Anthony, A. (2002); besides, major concerns on the social transformation focus mainly on social life and personal communication and mass communication. Erstwhile, Meyer K. , John P, R, Alan N, Anthony, A. (2002) argue that the change focus is on the social networks secondary activities, social network company and the social network location. Secondary activities feature group television watching and so forth while social company looks at type of individual representation in terms of rankings in social stature. Time spent by the group’s members, by family members or by friends has become lessened. There is also a decline in level of discussion and verbal communication in live meetings due to the ICT based communication through which the persons in the groups exhaust most of their talks successively and comprehensively.

The Cause Essay -- essays papers

The Cause Violent crimes occur for many different reasons. Students who rampaged through the high schools throughout the United States have all said to have one thing in common; their peers did not respect the attackers. These students say they have felt bullied, or not belonging or not fitting in to what the â€Å"popular† standards are. So why resort to anger? Many said it feels it gives them the respect that they were deprived of and what they felt they deserved. These students make national and world news headlines, and they feel they have power and control when resorting to violence. Other reasons include drugs and gangs, which are at the top of the list followed by disagreements. CAUSES OF SCHOOL VIOLENCE Types of Gun Violence. Intentional shooting 65% Accident 13% Hostage taking 8% Suicide 8% Undetermined 6% (Reynolds, 1993) Percentages of Gun-Related Incidents on School Property Drugs/Gangs 18% Long-standing Disagreements 15% Playing With or Cleaning Guns 13% Romantic Disagreements 12% Fights Over Material Possessions 10% Depression 9% Vendetta Against Society 6% Racial Incident 5% Name Calling 4% Vendetta Against School Employee 4% Undetermined 4% (Reynolds, 1993) Beyond all others, intentional shootings are at the top of the list for motives of violence in schools. Students deliberately go into schools with a weapon with the intent to use the weapon. The number one reason for this is drugs and gangs followed by long-standing disagreements. These disagreements include the students who were belittled by their peers in school. Most of the accidental shootings include elementary aged students bringing a ... .... 40. Vernberg, E. & Twemlow, S. (2000). Profiling violent youth: comments & observations. Children’s services, (3), p. 171+. Retrieved October 4, 2001 from Academic Search/EBSCO database. (Sept/Oct 2001). Alternative perspectives on school violence. Humanist, (6), p. 36+. Retrieved October 4, 2001 from Academic Search/EBSCO database. (1999) School protective services. Retrieved November 7, 2001, from http://www.schoolprotectiveservices.com (2001, May 30) School safety lessons learned: urban districts report progress. Sept 12, 2001, from http://www.edweek.com/ew/ewstory.cfm?slug=38security.h20 (2000). Violence. World Book Encyclopedia. (Vol. 25). Chicago, World Book, Inc. Walsh, M. (2001, May 23) Court distinguishes between threats, free speech. Retrieved Sept. 12, 2001, from http://www.edweek.com/ew/ewstory.cfm?slug=37speech.h20 The Cause Essay -- essays papers The Cause Violent crimes occur for many different reasons. Students who rampaged through the high schools throughout the United States have all said to have one thing in common; their peers did not respect the attackers. These students say they have felt bullied, or not belonging or not fitting in to what the â€Å"popular† standards are. So why resort to anger? Many said it feels it gives them the respect that they were deprived of and what they felt they deserved. These students make national and world news headlines, and they feel they have power and control when resorting to violence. Other reasons include drugs and gangs, which are at the top of the list followed by disagreements. CAUSES OF SCHOOL VIOLENCE Types of Gun Violence. Intentional shooting 65% Accident 13% Hostage taking 8% Suicide 8% Undetermined 6% (Reynolds, 1993) Percentages of Gun-Related Incidents on School Property Drugs/Gangs 18% Long-standing Disagreements 15% Playing With or Cleaning Guns 13% Romantic Disagreements 12% Fights Over Material Possessions 10% Depression 9% Vendetta Against Society 6% Racial Incident 5% Name Calling 4% Vendetta Against School Employee 4% Undetermined 4% (Reynolds, 1993) Beyond all others, intentional shootings are at the top of the list for motives of violence in schools. Students deliberately go into schools with a weapon with the intent to use the weapon. The number one reason for this is drugs and gangs followed by long-standing disagreements. These disagreements include the students who were belittled by their peers in school. Most of the accidental shootings include elementary aged students bringing a ... .... 40. Vernberg, E. & Twemlow, S. (2000). Profiling violent youth: comments & observations. Children’s services, (3), p. 171+. Retrieved October 4, 2001 from Academic Search/EBSCO database. (Sept/Oct 2001). Alternative perspectives on school violence. Humanist, (6), p. 36+. Retrieved October 4, 2001 from Academic Search/EBSCO database. (1999) School protective services. Retrieved November 7, 2001, from http://www.schoolprotectiveservices.com (2001, May 30) School safety lessons learned: urban districts report progress. Sept 12, 2001, from http://www.edweek.com/ew/ewstory.cfm?slug=38security.h20 (2000). Violence. World Book Encyclopedia. (Vol. 25). Chicago, World Book, Inc. Walsh, M. (2001, May 23) Court distinguishes between threats, free speech. Retrieved Sept. 12, 2001, from http://www.edweek.com/ew/ewstory.cfm?slug=37speech.h20

Eastern and Western Philosophy Comparison Essay

Philosophy has divided into two separate categories, the Eastern philosophy, and Western Philosophy. The Eastern philosophies are mainly consists of the Asian philosophies such as: the Hinduism and Buddhism in India (McGraw & Hill, 2008). Taoism, Confucianism, and Ch’an Buddhism in China, and Zen Buddhism and Samurai tradition in Japan (McGraw & Hill 2008). The Eastern philosopher, I believed that Mohandas K. Gandhi, Mohandas was better known as Gandhi. Gandhi made good compelling arguments for his ideas (McGraw & Hill, 2008). Gandhi, known for his nonviolence to help the political freedom for India and for striving to instill a sense of self-respect in all human being (McGraw & Hill, 2008). Hinduism life was for humans to live every day, ordinary consciousness to the contemplation of the divine Being (McGraw & Hill, 2008). Gandhi tried to make these traditional values of Hinduism available to all (McGraw & Hill, 2008). Gandhi main idea for the use of non-violent help civil disobedience. This idea not only help India get their political freedom, but it help inspire movement for freedom and civil rights movement around the world like the American Civil Rights Movement led by the non-violent activists Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The Western philosopher that I felt Rene Descartes made the most compelling argument. Descartes believed that he could prove to himself that objects exists outside the mind (McGraw & Hill, 2008). He also set to prove that God exists also. Descartes came up with three reasons to prove Gods existence. The Second proof that he came up with he stated,† I exists as a thing that has an idea† (McGraw & Hill, 2008). He also concluded with the second proof that means that God has to exists. Mohandas K. Gandhi, the eastern philosopher, and the western philosopher, Rene Descartes are similar because they believe in Gods existence. The difference is that Gandi was to teach that Hinduism life was for every day humans to live according to the Divine Being (God). Descartes had to prove that god exists by having three reasons, and by all of the three of the proof, â€Å" he concluded that if he exists as a thing that has an idea of God, therefore  God exists† (McGraw & Hill, 200 8). I have to agree with Descartes, because he set out to prove God existence, and not to say without any prove that he does not exists. The argument that he made was logical, because he gave some evidence to back up his argument. I think the same way as he did, because how do things exists for a reason and it has to exists because of someone and not an idea.

Minorities Should Have the Same Civil Rights as Everyone Else

Most of us are used to being part of the larger portion of the society. We are so used with the manner of which democracy makes decisions, that is through the decision of the majority. This is our viewpoint of decision making, but an alarming issue is that we fail to see and hear what smaller groups in the society would want to say. If this is the case, then our society will remain unjust and unequal to the majority and the minorities. Therefore, we all live in an imperfect society. Therefore if we want to achieve a society that could even come close to being perfect, we have to give equal civil rights to minorities.There exist variations of types of minorities or smaller groups within the society. They could be racial or ethnic, religious, gender and sexual, age, disabled, and other small groups within the society. As we can see here, there is a wide range of minority types. That just means that they are distributed within the society. If we also give it more thought, if these minor ities were to count as one, the sum of them all could be greater than the majority. That could just meant that they should be treated equally as the society treats the majority. But why does the society do not treat the minorities as it should?There are many factors that prevent the society to grant equality to the minorities. One of the major problems of this issue is ethics. Universalism, Utilitarianism, natural law ethics, Kantian ethics, and other ethics that are in favor to the majority are much more popular than ethics that favors a particular group in the society. For me, the society seems to be configured in such a way that it only works for the many and is willing to sacrifice the small groups. Actually, the way society treats minorities contradicts the functions that the society was originally designed for. (Morigiwa 102)Inequality of rights between the majority and the minorities certainly contradicts the United States Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Indep endence explicitly communicates to us that we should always bear in mind that all men are should treat each other as equals. It also tells us that each and every one us are given rights by God himself. (Boyd & Gawalt)It seems that the whole of society itself is the main source of the problem why minorities are treated unequally. The designers of the Declaration of Independence had foreseen that inequalities (like what minorities are experiencing right now) are the whole country’s problem. So that is why they have formulated laws to tell us to treat each other equally. It seems that inequality or marginalization is inevitable in a society. We always fail to treat others fair as we treat ourselves.Even though our society claims to be a religious and ethical one, again it seems to contradict itself. Even the holy books of word religions want to communicate to us something about this topic. For Christians, the Bible has told its readers to treat others as they would have wanted o thers to treat them. The Koran also teaches us to be fair with our fellow men. The message of every world religion seems to be equality. The Buddhist’s golden rule is almost synonymous what the Bible has to say about treating others.Marginalization of minorities is prevalent in the society. Little do most of us know that this marginalization has certain effects to the society. We may have been suffering unknowingly suffering from consequences of marginalization of minorities.  It seems that depriving civil rights to minorities will cause everyone within the society certain problems. Inequality in civil rights causes the whole system not to function smoothly.Mullaly has explored through this problem to give us some sort of much needed clarity regarding the issue of minorities. He had shown us how the personal becomes political. He pointed out that there is a need to recognize that social problems are certainly related to the larger structures of the society, this causes vary ing forms of oppression of members of the society. This will lead them to reject the ideas of those who aren’t familiar to them, thus resulting to marginalization of minorities. (Mullaly)He also pointed out that it is very important for us to recognize that oppression exists in the society. There is a great need for a non-judgmental and unbiased attitude by every members of the society. (Mullaly) Marginalization of minorities clearly hampers the productivity of the workforce. We should always bear in mind that these minorities make up more than half of our workforce, the workforce that all of us are deeply dependent on.As a conclusion, it seems that everyone doesn’t want marginalization of minorities. The society has laws that are carefully constructed to avoid such inequality in civil rights. But unfortunately, inequality of rights seems to be more prevalent in the society. Something must be done about the problem. It should be something that the whole of society shou ld be thinking over. We see everyday the implications of inequality in civil rights in the forms of poverty, political chaos, never-ending disputes. I’m sure that all of us want a better place to live in. We all want to improve our living conditions. We should start by eliminating the flaw that makes our society imperfect. Maybe if we all learn to treat others as our equals, then we maybe not really far from the perfect society that we all aspire for.Works CitedMullaly, B. Oppression: The Focus of Social Work. Don Mills: Oxford UniversityPress. 2007Boyd, Julian. The United States Declaration of Independence: The Evolution of Text. US: LIB OF CONGRESS. 1999 Morigawa, Yatsumoto. Universal Minority Rights?: A Transnational Approach. Franz SteinerVerlag. 2004

Solar-Powered Food Can Help Save the Planet Professor Ramos Blog

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How to Become a Speech Language Pathologist

How to Become a Speech Language Pathologist Speech-language pathologists, also known as speech therapists, play a huge part in diagnosing, treating, and managing communication disorders (which include recovery from strokes, brain injuries, hearing loss, developmental disabilities, and autism). The speech-language pathologist career at a glance:The Day-to-DaySpeech-language pathologists can be found in a variety of medical and educational settings: hospitals, elementary and secondary schools, colleges and universities, health clinics, and private practice offices. They typically work a 9-to-5-type schedule in an office, seeing patients on an appointment basis. Speech-language may specialize in treating communication disorders in particular age groups, from children (including autism spectrum communication issues and developmental delays) to adults (including stroke recovery and degenerative diseases like Parkinson’s). This position also often includes research and study of speech disorders and treatment in addition to wo rking directly with patients.The RequirementsSpeech-language pathologists typically have a master’s degree in the field, plus licensing and clinical training. Licensing requirements vary by state, so be sure to check on your own state’s regulations for speech therapists.The SkillsSpeech-language pathologists require a number of special skills and knowledge bases, including:Healthcare management and administrationHuman communication processesProblem solvingCurrent medical technology and methodsPatient care and communicationHuman behavioral patternsThe PayPer the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median salary of speech-language pathologists is $71,550.The OutlookThis area is a fast-growing area of Allied Health, with the BLS predicting robust 21% growth.Interested?  Apply Here

Accounting case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Accounting case - Essay Example les and production department, the department could not complete the order based on standard costing since there were significant labor cost variations which would then be assigned in the department’s budget. Labor also worked over time which added to the costs of the department, leading to a production batch that was more expensive than other regular batches (Caplan, 2012). One of the key ways that most organizations use to manage their costing systems is to use a standard costing mechanism and use flexible budgeting in order to cater to such variations which are inevitable in such organizations where some orders may come in for rush production. With flexible budgeting, the variations between actual and budgeted costs are utilized to evaluate futuristic trends and seasonable patterns. In this manner, the organization can use not only the same standard costing mechanisms but also flexible patterns in order to help predict how costs may vary in case of such non standard practices like overtime production, or production in shorter timelines (Caplan, 2012). Caplan, D. (2012). Management Accounting: Concepts and Techniques. Retrieved June 27, 2012, from Oregon State University:

ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN Assignment

ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN - Assignment Example The symptoms of acute abdominal pain are nausea and vomiting. Other indications include guarding which is the contraction of abdominal muscles and when pressure is applied to the abdomen. There would be rigidity of the abdominal muscles or rebound tenderness, an increase in severe pain and discomfort when pressure is being applied to the localized area of the abdomen. The patient also has increased white blood cell count. In older patients, presentation delays, coexistent of disease and social and physical barriers complicate acute abdominal pain presentation (Nabi, 2011). There are several diagnostic methods in evaluation of acute abdominal pain. Laboratory tests are done on the blood and urine specimen. The ultrasound is used in the evaluation of abdominal spaces with sound waves while the Computer Tomography (CT) scan is an x-ray technique using a computer program to develop detailed images. The ultrasound and CT are reliable in detecting common diagnoses causing acute abdominal pain. However, the ultrasound misses more cases than CT scan that is more sensitive (van Randen, Lameris, van Es, van Heessewijk, van Ramshorst, Ten, Bouma, van Leeuwen, Bossuyt, Stoker, Boermeester, & OPTIMA Study Group, 2011). Multi-detector CT can be used in evaluating patients with acute abdominal pain. It is an extremely CT noninvasive method for acute abdominal pain diagnosis and management. In the plan of care for patients with acute abdominal pain, the nurse has a key role in the assessment, history taking and management. Assessment is done through physical examination and acquiring diagnostic data. A comprehensive assessment of pain including onset, location, characterization, duration, onset, frequency, quality, and intensity should be performed. Factors such as fear, fatigue and lack of information should be reduced to eliminate factors that may increase the

A critical assessment of the marketing challenges facing an Essay

A critical assessment of the marketing challenges facing an organisation of your choice and recommendations for the development of Competitive Advantage - Essay Example A close analysis of other companies that have survive during harsh market periods will help point out possible opportunities that Ryanair mas use to escape the looming threat. The research will end with workable recommendations that will provide strategies for Ryanair to survive within the market. In the 21st century business environment, companies have to stay on the alert in terms of aligning their business strategy with the ever-changing business environment. Particularly, the international airlines market has become sensitive with rapid changes in the economic structure, increase in competition and government regulation (Cento, 2009). Ryanair, one of the low-cost international airline operators in Europe, has faced a number of challenges while operating in the dynamic market. The purpose of this essay is to make an analysis of the competitive ability of the company, point out specific problems and develop strategic adaptations for the company. Marketing analysis is concerned with the ability of a company within a specific industry to position itself as a top service provider. Hubbard, Rice, & Beamish (2008, p.69) defined industry as, a group of organizations or business units producing close substitutes. â€Å"Market† is a word which use very closely to â€Å"Industry.† Perhaps the most frequent word use as a substitute to â€Å"industry.† However, â€Å"market† defined as a group of consumers with similar needs. (Hubbard, Rice, & Beamish, 2008, p. 97). Evidently, each organization has operates within a particular industry and has a specific target market. Within an industry, organizations compete as a way of appealing to their target customer to purchase their service and products. On the other hand, the customers choose organizations that best suit their needs and purchase from organizations that best satisfy their tastes and

Communication Practices at Abellio ScotRail

Communication Practices at Abellio ScotRail Aim To investigate and establish the impact of internal communication practices on employee engagement and performance at Abellio ScotRail Ltd. Objectives In order to achieve the above aim, the below research objectives have equally been set out as: To critically review the literature on both concepts to enhance the understanding of the concepts and associated theories, and their interaction by exploring the meaning and drivers of employee engagement, as well as internal communications meaning and role as a vehicle to support organisation performance. To adopt a case study strategy, this will facilitate the collection and analysis of both primary and secondary information necessary for the baseline of this research. To critically examine the existing internal communication policy, and practices at Abellio ScotRail Ltd and their contribution to employee engagement. To critically analyse employees and managers perspectives of internal communication and employee engagement at Abellio ScotRail Ltd. To present and then discuss primary research findings through comparison with the literature to date. To draw conclusions from primary and secondary research before providing recommendations where appropriate. Literature Review Employee engagement is recognised as an important factor affecting organisational effectiveness, innovation, and competitiveness (Goodman et al, 2009). Consequently, several authors and professionals have made an empirical contribution towards establishing an explicit meaning and understanding of the concept, however, there are many definitions of the employee engagement as there are authors without any consensus on the subject. This paper aims to make a brief contribution by considering the role of communication in enhancing employee engagement. Goodman et al, (2009) research study identified employee engagement as one of the three top trends facing organisations and the term has its roots more in an academic exercise. Given a global leadership concern about employee engagement, human resources and communication professionals involved in internal communication management need an in-depth understanding of the concept so that they can develop strategies and tactics which would contrib ute to building engagement in the workplace. Additionally, internal communication has been suggested to be an important factor in the development of employment engagement. This study now intends to tackle the gap in the literature with a proposed model of the role of internal corporate communication in enhancing employee engagement. This section intends to firstly provide an overview of the evolution of the employee engagement concept, discussing definitional approaches, and highlighting components of engagement. Secondly, it discusses issues arising from the review concerning the nature of the concept, including its relationship with overlapping and related constructs such as commitment and motivation; and finally, it develops a corporate communication perspective of employee engagement. The Development of employee engagement Analysis of employee engagement literature has enabled the identification of stages in the development of the employee engagement concept, conceptualised here as a series of waves. Wave 1 (1990-1999) The wave begins in the 1990s with academic work on personal engagement been led by Kahn. His work has a significant impact without the direct use of employee engagement as concept in his qualitative research nevertheless, by using personal work engagement, he defined it as the harnessing of organisational members selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during role performance Kahn, (1990 p. 694) He further postulate the necessity of three psychological engagement conditions for an employee to engage themselves in their work role performance. Wave 2 (2000-2005) This second wave is characterised by professional consultancy firms that associated high engagement to increase corporate performance. Harter et al. (2003); Harter and Schmidt, (2008) made a report to Gallup Workplace Audit (GWA) questionnaire designed to measure series of elements that are called employee engagement. Consequently, they define employee engagement as a combination of cognitive and emotional antecedent variables in a work environment. Wave 3 (2006-2010) Taking the lead in the third wave of employee engagement work, Saks (2006) regards employee engagement as a concept more rooted in practitioner literature than academic literature. He is in agreement with Kahns view of employee engagement been consists of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural components. Equally in this league is the work of professional body such as the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD, 2006) as well as Bakker and Leiter, (2010) published work that throws more light on work engagement as it was then called William A. Kahn (1990) regard the concept of engagement in a workplace as the harnessing of organisational members selves to their work roles in his research study through which he identified three dimensions of engagement as emotional, physical and cognitive. Kahn (1990) developed the concepts of personal engagement and disengagement which are used in describing the behaviours by which people bring in or leave out their personal selves during work role performances. He defined personal engagement as the harnessing of organisation members selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during role performances. Personal disengagement was defined as the extrication of oneself from work roles; that is, people pull out and shield themselves physically, cognitively, or emotionally during work role performances. Kahn (1990, 1992), stated that employees can be engaged on one dimension and not the other. But, the more an employee is engaged on each dimension, the higher his personal engagement. In consequence of this, Kahn concentrated on the emotional, cognitive and physical aspect of engagement in his research study. In the work of Macey and Schneider (2008) engagement is defined along the line of the psychological state, trait, and behavioural engagement which is characterized by feelings of passion, energy, enthusiasm, and activation. Behavioural engagement is described as an adaptive behaviour; Trait engagement as a number of interconnected personalities while attributes relate to state engagement whether directly or indirectly to behavioural engagement. A different definition of employee engagement stems from the positive psychology champion by Maslach and Jackson (1981) with its centre of attention on the positive as against the negative aspects of work described as a burnout. They conducted a research on employee burnout and developed what is now known as the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). According to Maslach and Jackson (1981), burnout is a psychological condition that ensues from persistent interpersonal relations at work. In addition, Schaufeli and Bakker (2004) in their view regard engagement as the exact positive diametric of workplace burnout. This is a reversal model score of the Maslach Burnout Inventory measurement of engagement, Maslach, et al, (2001). This indicated a low score on job fatigue and a high score on professional efficiency are indicators of engagement. Furthermore, Theresa M. Welbourne (2007) defined engagement in relation to the behaviour of the managers when she posits that engaged employees are those that work and prosper in the noncore job roles using a performance model she developed. The model identified six major roles that employees engage at work. These are (i) Core job-holder role, (ii) Entrepreneur/ innovator role, (iii) coming up with new ideas, participating in others innovations, (iv) Team member role, (v) Career role, and (vi) Organizational member role or citizenship role. Going by Saks, (2006) term, employee engagement is job and organisation engagements which are related but distinct constructs. They attributed the rationale for Employee engagement to Social exchange theory explaining that employees will choose to engage themselves to varying degrees and in response to the resources they receive from their organization. The two most dominant roles for most organizational members are their work role and their role as a member of an organization. In the opinion of Robinson et al (2004) employee engagement is an inspirational disposition held by the employee towards the organisation and its values. Gallup, as reported by Dernovsek (2008), compares employee engagement to the employees positive emotional sentimental attachment and commitment to the organisation. The CIPD (2016) recognises employee communication, better known as internal communication, as an essential part of the business and the HR function. It continues that effective internal communication is important for developing trust within an organisation and it is shown to have a significant impact on employee engagement, organisational culture and, ultimately, productivity (CIPD, 2016). This collaborates Boynton and Mishras (2014) earlier research study that examined the role of communication in the public relations (PR) industry and suggested that internal communication can play an important role in building trust and behaviour as shown by public relations professionals in the industry.

jesus :: essays research papers

Christianity: A rise in the Classical Period Even though Christianity developed later than many other religions, and caught on slowly, its ideas were very popular. Some people were disagreeing with Judaism, and therefore reformed their ideas to fit with those of Christianity. Paul of Tarsus (5 c. e. - 67 c. e) was considered the most important religious leader in the developing and spreading of Christian beliefs. For Paul to prove that Christianity is for all people, he wrote letters and epistles. The appeal of Paul’s letters to the Romans helped spread Christianity by setting a universal foundation to different communities all over Europe. The letters Paul wrote later became part of the New Testament of the Bible. Some people did accept Jesus as the Messiah, but others did not. Believers in Judaism were revolting against Jesus and his beliefs. The Roman government took Jesus into their control and Pontius Pilate demanded his crucifixion. However, a number of devoted followers were able to spread the story of Jesus. They pronounced that Jesus had overcome death, been resurrected and rose into Heaven. Of these followers the most important was Paul of Tarsus. Paul of Tarsus was on one occasion Jewish, but converted to Christianity. His strong will and ability to stand up for what he believed in led him to first have the courage to convert himself into Christianity, and to encourage others to do the same. He preached to a number of Jews and gentiles throughout Europe and Asia. Paul’s writings caught the attention and popularity of so many people, mainly Romans, because they were profound, in depth teachings, and words that were new and unfamiliar to many. The writings that Paul wrote accentuated the idea of Christianity being a religion for all people. In many of Paul’s ideas, one main concept was that of the introduction of Greco-Roman ideas, with the inclusion of Roman law. Of his writings, the letter from Paul to the Romans was the building block of the spread of Christianity. In the letters Paul begins to explain the truths of Christianity as they are known and are still used today. The idea of humans being able to be forgiven from sin is the one of the main key concepts included. Paul’s states that sin is an act of disobedience to god, but also states that it is not an act that cannot be forgiven.

The Traumatic Brain Injury Health And Social Care Essay

Traumatic hurt of the caput and encephalon has been a serious issue for world since the morning of civilisation. Even early Hagiographas in neurosurgery describe care of head hurt. The encephalon is a partly solid construction that weighs about 3 pounds and utilizes around 80 % of the organic structure ‘s entire volume ingestion of O ( Heegaard ) . When external force is applied, an change in encephalon map may ensue. This change in encephalon map is referred to as traumatic encephalon hurt ( TBI ) ( Menon ) . TBI occurs most normally after a sudden blow or daze to the caput ( Spencer ) . There are 3 primary mechanisms of TBI hurt: blunt, penetrating, and blast ( Nolan ) . TBI may be mild, moderate or terrible. Badness is frequently first determined by an initial test that includes appraisal on the Glasgow Coma Scale, and appraisal of the cranial nervus physiological reactions, which includes an appraisal of student size and responsiveness of the students, corneal physiological reaction, and joke physiological reaction, and a motor scrutiny. An test is besides done to measure for coincident cervical spinal column hurt ( Callahan ) . More advanced appraisal techniques, such as CT and MRI are utilized to measure TBI abuses as hurt advancements. There are two categorizations of TBI: primary abuses and secondary abuses. The primary abuse occurs at the minute of impact. The secondary abuse consists of the complications that result from the primary abuse. For illustration, the primary abuse may dwell of the displacement in encephalon tissues that consequences from a blow to the caput ( Menon ) . The secondary abuse may so dwell of the gradual puffiness that occurs in the injured encephalon. While TBI may look stray and trauma confined to the caput, it is in fact a complex, chronic, and dynamic procedure that requires consistent attending as associated affected organic structure systems are managed ( Losiniecki, Masel ) . Additionally, TBI presents otherwise and must be treated otherwise in different populations. Neonates, kids, and geriatric populations present in different ways and must be treated otherwise in neurosurgical units for both mild and terrible TBI.EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGYTBI is the taking cause of morbidity and mortality after injury ( Berry et al, in Ough ) and nowadayss as the taking global cause of morbidity and mortality in persons under 45 old ages of age ( Werner ) . TBI represents more than half of the injury related deceases in the United States ( Menaker. However, mortality from TBI has improved significantly over the past 2 decennaries as a consequence of betterments made in neurosurgical attention, turning away of serious comorbidities that can happen inmate, and intercessions in the public safety sector ( DeCuypere ) . The estimated one-year incidence of TBI in the United States is about 1.7 million happenings, with about 506 instances per each 100,000 ; this estimation does n't take into consideration TBI sustained by patients evaluated at military infirmaries or Veterans personal businesss, or those who are undiagnosed because they choose non to seek intervention ( Ough ) . Disclosed happening of TBI is greater in developing states ; this is mostly been attributed to increased rates in motor vehicle hurts ( Corrigan et al, in Ough ) . In the United States, major hazard factors associated with TBI are age, gender, and quality of insurance. While the most common causes of TBI are falling, motor vehicle hits, being hit by an object, and assault, age makes a difference when it comes to prevalence of hurt. Across the board, the greatest subscriber to TBI hurts, exigency room visits, and hospitalizations in the U.S. is falling, with the most frequent hurts happening in those under 4 old ages of age or over 75 old ages of age ( Faul, in Ough ) . The greatest subscriber to TBI hurts in persons 15 to 24 old ages of age is centrifugal vehicle hits. Motor vehicle hits besides have the highest mortality rate associated with TBI ( Faul, in Ough ) . In the paediatric population, major causes of TBI vary by age. In babies, inflicted TBI is the major cause of TBI ( Keenan, in Ough ) . In yearlings, falling is the major subscriber to TBI ( Giza, in Ough ) . In older kids and striplings, motor vehicle hits are the chief cause of TB I ( Faul, in Ough ) . Gender besides affairs. Males are twice every bit likely to endure a TBI as were females ( Faul et al, in Ough ) Additionally, uninsured or publically insured patients were twice every bit likely to endure TBI when compared with in private insured patients. In the United States, of the 1.1 million persons who suffer TBI each twelvemonth and are evaluated in the exigency room, 50,000 dice. Children 14 old ages of age and younger history for more than 2,600 deceases, and kids between the ages of 0 – 4 and 15 – 19 have the highest per centum of visits to the exigency room as a consequence of TBI. Adults older than 75 old ages of age have the highest per centum of hospitalizations and decease as a consequence of TBI ( Menaker ) . Initial rating of badness of TBI is similar to the initial rating done on all trauma patients. The initial test includes appraisal on the Glasgow Coma Scale, and appraisal of the cranial nervus physiological reactions, which includes an appraisal of student size and responsiveness of the students, corneal physiological reaction, and joke physiological reaction, and a motor scrutiny. An test is besides done to measure for coincident cervical spinal column hurt ( Callahan ) . From at that place, practicians must be watchful for ever-evolving secondary abuses, hurts that may include hypotension, anaemia, hypercarbia, acapnia, hypotension, intracranial high blood pressure, lesions that work to compact unaffected tissues, intellectual hydrops, and hypoxia.Epidemiology of Mild Traumatic Brain InjuryNinety per centum of TBIs are considered mild, with infrequent intracranial complications that are either life threatening ( 10 % of instances ) or necessitate neurosurgical intercession ( 1 % o f instances ) ( Vos ) . Approximately 275,000 hospital ratings occur every twelvemonth in the U.S. for nonfatal TBI. A concussion is considered a mild TBI ( Callahan ) . One survey ( McCrea et al, in Iverson ) on concussions in athleticss reported that 30 % of high school football participants indicated that they had suffered at least one concussion antecedently ; 15 % of participants indicated that they had suffered a concussion during the present football season. There are about 1.12 million mild TBIs each twelvemonth in the U.S. However, figure may be underestimated, as many persons who sustain mild TBI do non seek medical attending after being injured and are hence non evaluated in the exigency room or admitted into the infirmary ( Sosin, in Iverson ) .MechanismUnderstanding the mechanism of hurt is indispensable for proper intervention. This offers several indispensable chances to the health professional: the first is the chance to be assured that no facet of the initial hurt has been overlooked or missed ( Nolan ) ; the second is the chance to avoid possible complications secondary to the primary abuse. There are 3 primary mechanisms of TBI hurt: blunt, penetrating, and blast. However, it is the conveyance of energy to encephalon tissue that causes the subsequent harm. This conveyance may be summarized as follows: KE = M/2 x V2 in which KE = kinetic energy ; M = mass ; and V = speed. Beginning: ( Nolan )Blunt TraumaBlunt traumatic hurt is the most common cause of TBI. Blunt trauma often consequences from motor vehicle accidents, bike or bike accidents, falls, featuring accidents, or assaults. Motor vehicle accidents account for 50 % of all blunt traumatic hurts. This figure includes accidents that consist of motor vehicles, bikes, bikes, motor vehicle and prosaic hits. ( Nolan ) . Determining force of impact in blunt traumatic hurt, peculiarly in motor vehicle accidents, helps practicians predict badness of hurt, short and long term effects, and likely forecast. In motor vehicle accidents, force is determined by 5 different factors: mass ten acceleration, way, continuance, and rate. To give an illustration: If an unrestrained rider is thrown from an car going at 30 miles per hour, this is the same force of impact as if that individual fell from a 3 narrative edifice. Badness of hurt, and subsequent anticipation of effects can be determined by the per centum of impact the rider absorbs. For case, in a bike accident, the rider absorbs 100 % of the force of impact. TBI in bike accidents causes 75 % of all correlative deceases. However, if the rider wears a helmet, hazard of decease diminutions, because the rider will absorb a lower force of impact in the event of an accident. Similarly, if riders in cars wear safety belts, or are siting in cars equipped with air bags, the hazard of decease diminutions, because the rider will absorb a lower force of impact in the event of an accident than they would hold if they had hit a windscreen or a place unrestrained. It is of import for practicians to cognize if incoming patients with TBI were in accidents with or without keeping devices.Penetrating TraumaPenetrating traumatic hurt is the consequence of a blunt of crisp object perforating the skull. The encephalon is so exposed and the object enters the encephalon. While force of impact is a factor in badness of hurt in perforating injury, factors such as point of entry and angle and deepness of entry must besides be considered when finding extent and badness of hurts. The highest figure of deceases related to perforating TBI are attributable to gunshot lesions. Practitioners are good served in holding basic cognition of ballistic trajectories and kinematics. Put merely, ballistic trajectories trades with the flight mechanics of objects such as slugs. Kinematicss in human gesture trades with the survey of human placement, angles, and speed in assorted organic structure sections ( Richey ) . In handling gunshot lesions, these scientific disciplines may be used to find extent and badness of hurt by first finding flight, force, and gesture. Three factors that determing the extent of hurt in gunshot lesions are frontal country, speed, and distance. The frontal country is the surface country of the slug where it strikes an object. Velocity refers to rush and is cardinal in the general extent of the hurt. Higher speed means higher energyer, which translates into higher force of impact. What this basically translates into is that a little quality slug going really fast can make more harm than a big quality slug going easy, and high speed arms do more harm than average speed arms. Therefore, speed in an hurt is an of import consideration for practicians. Finally, distance refers to how far off the victim was from the arm that caused the harm. When there is great distance between the victim and the arm, there has been chance for air opposition to diminish the speed of the slug, which decreases energy and therefore descreases the subsequent force of impact. This means that cognizing the approximative distance between the victi m and the arm is of import for practicians in finding extent and badness of hurts, every bit good as finding possible secondary complications.Blast TraumaBlast traumatic hurt consequences from a combination of blunt and perforating force hurts and is going more common. Blast traumatic hurt is often seen in soldiers returning from war zones, and understanding the mechanics of blast traumatic hurt is of import for practicians so they can understand how to care for patients who have suffered these injuries.CategorizationTBI hurt may be classified as either primary or secondary.Primary AbusesThe primary abuse in TBI occurs at the minute of impact. The primary abuse is the initial physical supplanting of physical encephalon tissue ( Menon ) . When the impact occurs, the extent of badness of hurt may be determined by the extent to which intellectual perfusion force per unit area ( CPP ) is adequately maintained. This is gauged by analyzing autoregulation of intellectual blood flow ( CBF ) , which is approximately estimated through ciphering CPP by taking the difference between the average arterial force per unit area ( MAP ) and intracranial force per unit area ( ICP ) . Cerebral blood vass autoregulate and maintain the desired CBF by compressing and distending in response to altering physiologic conditions ( Zwienenberg, in Heegaard ) . However, in the event of injury, autoregulation and CBF are often disrupted. When there is direct tissue harm that leads to dis-regulation of intellectual blood flow, metamorphosis is in bend disrupted, which consequences in anaerobiotic metamorphosis. Anaerobic metamorphosis does non supply sufficient cell energy ; hence, this in bend leads to the depletion of ATP shops and the membrane ion pump fails, as it is dependent on cellular energy. When the membrane ion pump fails, there is aggregate membrane depolarisation and a release of a tide of excitant neurotransmitters. This in bend incites coevals of free groups. These events cascade and lead to necrotic cell decease, which so incites secondary abuses. The extent of alteration to these facets is straight correlated with clinical result ( Heegaard ) . Immediate cell decease is the consequence of the primary hurt, and this harm to the encephalon tissue is irreversible ( Albert-Weisenberger ) . This is why many interventions focus on the suppression of secondary abuse Cascadess to protect the unity of the staying neurological architecture.Secondary AbusesThe secondary abuse consists of the complications that result from the primary abuse. Secondary abuses evolve more easy than primary abuses. Secondary hurts are both the consequence of badness of the primary hurt and may lend to the deterioration of the result of the primary hurt. Additionally, the type and grade of the secondary hurt is a major make up one's minding factor in the concluding clinical result ( Heegaard ) . Secondary abuses can be either extracranial or intracranial ( Maas ) . Examples of extracranial secondary abuses are hypoxia, hypothermia, hyperthermy, and hypotension. Examples of intracranial secondary abuses are intracranial high blood pressure, lesions that work to impact unaffected tissues, and intellectual hydrops. Secondary abuses may hold utmost inauspicious effects should they happen either prehospital or in infirmary, and practicians should watch for happening of these hurts.PATHOPHYSIOLOGYGeneral PathophysiologyOne signature feature of TBI is diffuse axonal hurt, which occurs as a direct consequence of the injury ( Sahler ) . Diffuse axonal hurt consequences from rotational forces that are in drama during traumatic impact. This is an illustration of a primary abuse, or hurt. There is direct tissue harm that leads to dis-regulation of intellectual blood flow and disrupted metamorphosis, which consequences in anaerobiotic metamorphosis. Anaerobic metamorphosis does non suppl y sufficient cell energy ; hence, this in bend leads to the depletion of ATP shops and the membrane ion pump fails, as it is dependent on cellular energy. When the membrane ion pump fails, there is aggregate membrane depolarisation and a release of a tide of excitant neurotransmitters. This in bend incites coevals of free groups. These events cascade to organize a perfect storm that lead to necrotic cell decease. This so leads to secondary abuses that may include conditions such as hypotension, anaemia, hypercarbia, acapnia, hypotension, intracranial high blood pressure, lesions that work to compact unaffected tissues, intellectual hydrops, and hypoxia.Specific PathophysiologyCerebral Blood FlowThe extent of badness of hurt may be determined by the extent to which intellectual perfusion force per unit area ( CPP ) is adequately maintained. This is gauged by analyzing autoregulation of intellectual blood flow ( CBF ) , which is approximately estimated through ciphering CPP by taking the difference between the average arterial force per unit area ( MAP ) and intracranial force per unit area ( ICP ) . Cerebral blood vass autoregulate and maintain the desired CBF by compressing and distending in response to altering physiologic conditions ( Zwienenberg, in Heegaard ) . However, in the event of injury, autoregulation and CBF are often disrupted. The Brain Trauma Foundation offers guidelines for pull offing CPP in patients who have suffered terrible TBI. It is recommended that CPP be maintained at over 60 millimeters Hg in these patients, as it has been shown that a really low CPP carries a important hazard of intellectual ischaemia, which in bend triggers a cascade of damaging pathophysiological procedures that threaten the unity of encephalon constructions ( Zink et al ) .Cerebrovascular AutoregulationAfter TBI occurs, autoregulation of CBF – significance cerebrovascular bottleneck or dilation that occurs in response to either additions or lessenings in CPP – is impaired or wholly destroyed in most patients ( Werner ) . Defective autoregulation of CBF may show itself instantly after the injury or it may develop over clip, and it is either transient or persistent in nature irrespective of the badness of the harm caused. Additionally, autoregulatory vasoconstriction appears to be more immune than does autoregulatory vasodilation. This indicates that patients may be more sensitive to damage from lower instead than higher CPPs.Cerebral VasospasmAn of import secondary abuse that decides patient result ( 37, 51, from Werner ) is post-traumatic intellectual vasospasm, which occurs in over tierce of TBI patients. Vasospasm indicates terrible encephalon harm. The extent of hypoperfusion and temporal profile with post-traumatic vasospasm contrasts vasospasm that occurs post-aneurysmal subarachnoidal bleeding. Onset varies from twenty-four hours 2 to twenty-four hours 15 and hypoperfusion typically occurs in 50 % of patients that develop vasospasm.Cerebral Metabolic DysfunctionCerebral metamorphosis and energy are frequently reduced after TBI ( 15, 12, 18, 23 Werner ) . The grade of decrease or failure of metamorphosis straight relates to the badness of the primary abuse, and result is worse in patients with lower metabolic rates as compared to patients with minor or no intellectual metabolic disfunction ( 72 Werner ) . An alternate event, hypermetabolism, may besides happen ( 4, 9, in Werner ) . This event is driven by the brief ionic fluxation of the transmembrane with back-to-back neuroexcitation that are non sufficiently met by additions in CBF. This failure supports the cascade of secondary ischaemic hurt.Cerebral OxygenationA characterizing quality of TBI is the instability between the bringing and ingestion of intellectual O. This mismatch is induced by several vascular and hemodynamic mechanisms, but the common end point to be discussed is tissue hypoxia. The critical threshold of O force per unit area, as measured in the encephalon tissue of patients enduring from TBI indicates, is 15-10 millimeter Hg PtO2 ( 28, 56 ) . Below this threshold, infarction of the neural tissue occurs. Consequently, the extent and continuance of tissue hypoxia correlates with result. However, want of O to the encephalon with secondary encephalon harm may happen even with normal CPP or intracranial force per unit area ( ICP ) ( 65 ) .EdemaEdema formation is a frequent happening after TBI. Brain odema related to structural harm or osmotic instability prompted by the primary or secondary abuse. Vasogenic encephalon hydrops: Caused by autodigestive or mechanical break or the dislocation of the endothelial cells of the encephalon. This allows for uncontrolled ion and protein transportation from the intravascular encephalon to the interstitial encephalon, which prompts H2O accretion and increases extracellular infinite. ( 16,68 ) Cytoxic encephalon hydrops: The qualifying factor of this hydrops is the intracellular accretion of nerve cells, astrocytes, and microglia. This occurs irrespective of the vascular endothelial cell wall, and is caused by increased membrane permeableness, the failure of the ionic pump as a consequence of energy depletion, and reabsorbtion of osmotically active solutes ( 64, 68 ) Both vasogenic and cytoxic edemic relate to increased ICP and secondary ischaemic abuses ( 41, 42 )InflammationTBI prompts an array of immunological and inflammatory tissue responses. Both primary and secondary abuses prompt the release of free groups, proinflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandins.Necrosis and ApoptosisThere are two different types of cell decease that can happen after TBI. One is mortification, which is the localised decease of cells due to an hurt. The other is apoptosis, or the programmed decease of a cell. Necrosis occurs as a response to major mechanical or ischaemic hypoxic tissue harm associated with an inordinate release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, which is besides accompanied by metabolic failure. Phospholipases, lipid, and proteases later autolyse the membrane and the ensuing cell dust is perceived to be an antigen that is so removed by imflammatory procedure. Scar tissue is later left in its topographic point. In programmed cell death, nerve cells are integral during the period instantly following injury and have equal ATP production. However, programmed cell death becomes evident hours or even yearss after the primary hurt. This occurs because programmed cell death is an immunological response that occurs in reaction to perceived immune menace ( Elmore ) . Immune menace may happen when cells are damaged, and hence programmed cell decease occurs to extinguish damaged cells.SIGNS/SYMPTOMSGlasgow Coma ScaleThe Glasgow Coma Scale is the major graduated table for finding extent and badness of abuse, and for determing the deepness and continuance of coma, as based on verbal public presentation, motor reactivity, and oculus gap to the appropriate stimulations. The GCS offers practicians the chance to estimate the impact of harm related to the primary abuse every bit good as ongoing and germinating harm as secondary abuses present themselves. The graduated table is as follows: Eye Opening Response: 4 Spontaneous – unfastened with winking 3 To verbal stimulation, bid, or address 2 To trouble merely 1 No response Verbal Response: 5 Oriented 4 Baffled conversation, but with the ability to react to inquiries 3 Inappropriate words 2 Inexplicable address 1 No response Motor Response: 6 Obeys bids for motion 5 Motion with intent in response to painful stimulations 4 Withdrawal from painful stimulations 3 Flexion in response to painful stimulations 2 Extension in response to painful stimulations 1 No response The entire mark is so calculated by adding the single tonss from oculus opening response, verbal response, and motor response and caput hurts are classified as follows: A GCS mark of 13 – 15 signifies minor caput hurt ; a GCS mark of 9 – 12 signifies moderate caput hurt ; and a GCS mark of ? 8 signifies terrible head hurt. Beginning: Center for disease control and prevention A patient is considered comatose if he or she has a GCS of 3 – 8, has no oculus gap, no verbalisation of words, and does non hold the ability to follow bids. Glasgow Coma Scale – Modified for Pediatrics ( Pons – Fr book ) Childs who have suffered TBI must be treated otherwise than grownups. The Glasgow Coma Scale has besides hence been modified for rating of kids and is scaled based on the age of the kid, as follows: EYE Opening: 1 twelvemonth: 4 Spontaneously 3 To verbal bid 2 To trouble 1 No response 0 – 1 twelvemonth: 4 Spontaneously 3 To shout 2 To trouble 1 No response BEST MOTOR RESPONSE: 1 twelvemonth: 6 Obeys 5 Localizes hurting 4 Flexion backdown 3 Flexion abnormal 2 Extension 1 No response 0 – 1 twelvemonth: 5 Localizes hurting 4 Flexion backdown 3 Flexion abnormal 2 Extension 1 No response BEST VERBAL RESPONSE: & A ; gt ; 5 old ages: 5 Oriented and converses 4 Disoriented and converses 3 Inappropriate words 2 Inexplicable sounds 1 No response 0 – 2 old ages: 5 Cries suitably, smilings, coos 4 Cries 3 Inappropriate weeping or shriek 2 Grunts 1 No response 2 – 5 old ages: 5 Appropriate words and phrases 4 Inappropriate words 3 Cries or shout 2 Grunts 1 No response The entire mark is so calculated by adding the single tonss from oculus gap, best motor response and best motor response. A GCS mark of 13 – 15 signifies minor caput hurt ; a GCS mark of 9 – 12 signifies moderate caput hurt ; and a GCS mark of ? 8 signifies terrible head hurt. Beginning: Pons – Fr bookDiagnosisIn general, naming TBI requires practicians maintain several things in head: First, while the basic mechanisms of TBI are easy distinctive, each TBI injury is alone and patients react otherwise when it comes to response to both primary and secondary abuses. Second, it is indispensable to detect non merely mechanics but besides to detectTBIIn any TBI, the practician must foremost find the fortunes of primary harm. The primary hurt can be either spread or focal. Focal hurts are customarily caused by direct impact to the caput. These by and large result in vascular hurts, cortical bruise, and bleeding that is accompanied by ischaemia ( Albert-Weisenberger ) . Diffuse hurts are customarily caused by acceleration-deceleration forces that leads to spread axonal harm ( Albert-Weisenberger ) .Mild TBIMild TBI falls onto a really wide spectrum ( Iverson ) . Mild TBI can run from mild neurometabolic encephalon alterations that have rapid recovery clip to permanent jobs that come as a consequence of structural encephalon harm. Mild TBI does n't needfully typically do encephalon harm, but it is errant to presume that it can non do encephalon harm. Given the wide spectrum mild TBI falls on, mild TBI is a really individualised hurt and must be treate d as such. The bulk of people who sustain mild TBI recover rapidly and to the full. However, there are some who sustain mild TBI who have long term jobs and necessitate long term attention. Long term jobs may be caused either by the primary abuse, by secondary factors, or by preexistent or co-existing factors that cause or exacerbate jobs. These preexistent or co-existing factors may include – but are non limited to – factors such as preexistent wellness or mental conditions, chronic hurting, and personality features. It is indispensable for practicians to see these and other factors that can do or worsen jobs after mild TBI in order to find extent of harm to the individual ‘s encephalon and if there is lasting harm. It is besides of import for practicians to find if the hurt is a complicated or unsophisticated mild TBI. This can be determined by using the undermentioned regulation ( Iverson ) : Complicated mild TBI is noted as holding structural abnormalcy that is seeable on neuroimaging Uncomplicated mild TBI is noted as holding normal neuroimaging Diagnosis of complicated versus unsophisticated mild TBI may be accomplished with a computed imaging ( CT ) scan. There are farther diagnostic standards for of both of these: Complicated Mild TBI is diagnosed if: The individual has a GCS mark of 13 – 15 but still shows encephalon abnormalcy of some sort, such as haematoma, bruises, or edema on CT or MRI ; or If the individual has a skull break Uncomplicated Mild TBI is diagnosed if: The individual has no intracranial abnormalcies and no skull break All other standards for badness Muse besides be in the mild scope Concussions are considered mild TBIs. This is the general diagnostic term utilized for mild caput hurts sustained in athleticss and are normally associated with good recovery. However, concussions are on a spectrum, as are other caput hurts in the mild TBI scope, and it is indispensable for practicians to cognize patient history when offering intervention.Traumatic Brain Injury in SportsTraumatic Brain Injury in the Geriatric PopulationTraumatic Brain Injury in Neonates, Children, and AdolescentsTraumatic Brain Injury in Military PopulationsTBI sustained by military populations may differ from TBI sustained by civilian populations, although the extent to which a difference exists, and what that difference may be, is presently unknown ( Maas ) . However, soldiers deployed in combat locations are more likely to endure blast TBI and perforating TBI than are civilians located in non-combat locations. Recent surveies estimated that about 10 % – 20 % of military personnels returning from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom tested positive for a likely TBI ( Hoge, Vasterling, Schell – in Maas ) . Further, soldiers enduring from mild TBI frequently find that TBI is complicated by post-traumatic emphasis upset ( PTSD ) , although exact incidence of comorbidity as compared to civilian populations is non known, since surveies of civilian populations with TBI do non normally include post-traumatic emphasis upset as a step. However, the issue of post-traumatic emphasis upset must non be minimized in military populations, because its effects may make a distinguishable and alone sensitiveness to the impact TBI has. For case, PTSD may do sleep perturbations, which can worsen TBI secondary abuse.Clinical HistoryIt is of import for practicians to observe whether or non patients who have suffered TBI have a history of old or multiple TBI, as these may both impact result. It is indispensable that each happening of TBI be recorded and that there be an accurate and accessible patient history detailing TBI happening to let for careful intervention of the current TBI.Physical ExamProbesTreatmentNeurorehabilitation is the basic term utilized to depict the general rehabilitation of those persons who have functional damages as a consequence of an hurt or disease that has affected the cardinal nervous system ( CNS ) ( Levine ) . Rehabilitation for TBI may be provided in a assortment of scenes, including ague and subactute installations, place attention, or outpatient attention. The appropriate location for rehabilitation depends on a figure of factors, including the badness of the initial hurt, the attached damages, the degree of demand for ongoing medical attention, and the length of clip that has passed since the initial hurt. Transportation to a rehabilitation scene is by and large considered one time a patient with TBI has been stabilized and no longer requires intensive attention intervention on a uninterrupted footing. However, certain standards must be met for admittance to an ague attention installation ( Levine ) . These include: Medical complexness necessitating specialised nursing expertness in rehabilitation and that a physician be present around the clock. Reasonable outlook that there will be betterment in map and discharge into the community within a sensible sum of clip. Deficits in map that require a lower limit of 3 hours of specialised rehabilitation therapy. Those who do n't run into the standards but who still can non return place because they suffer TBI related damages are to be considered for admittance to a subacute rehabilitation plan. Subacute rehabilitation plans provide less intensive medical and nursing intercession Home attention is intended for persons who no longer necessitateTreatment of Mild TBIEarly intercession is indispensable in people who have suffered a mild TBI, as early intercession, instruction, and confidence of a good result may cut down frequence of post-mild TBI symptoms such as memory loss, concern, and weariness ( Iverson ) . The chief end of early intercession plans is to advance uneventful recovery and the recommencement of normal activities, such as the return to work. Early intercession plans offer patients educational stuffs and appraisals such as neuropsychological testing, meetings with a healer, and entree to a squad that will assist in their recovery ( Ponsford, in Iverson ) . Education attempts are aimed at supplying information sing symptoms, likely recovery times, class and reassurance of recovery, and suggested get bying schemes to cover with post-mild TBI symptoms ( Ponsford, in Iverson ) . Depression is common after mild TBI, although the exact cause of the depression is frequently hard to find, as the cause is often multifactorial. Depression can originate as a reaction to the hurt itself, to life stressors either created in response to the hurt, or it could be preexistent. Depression rates in the first 3 months after a mild TBI have ranged from 12 % – 44 % ( Horner et al, in Iverson ) . Depression symptoms closely mirror those of post-concussive upset, supplying a diagnostic challenge for practicians. Given this, some research workers have merely recommended a class of antidepressant intervention ( Zafonte, 2002 in Iverson ) or cognitive behavioural therapy ( CBT ) ( Mittenberg in Iverson ) with orienting toward intervention of post-concussion syndrome. Other research workers have besides recommended these interventions with the add-on of exercising for mild depression ( Mead et al, in Iverson ) to better temper and self-pride.PrognosisEarly ConsequenceLate ConsequencesTBI incites an inflammatory response that activates the micro-glia in abode every bit good every bit good as white blood cells permeating from the cardinal nervous system. Post-traumatic redness may go on for many months or even old ages after the initial hurt ( Faden ) . TBI besides incites chronic and acute neurodegeneration ( Faden )PreventionTBI may be prevented by supplying persons with proper sa fety instruction on the types of bad behaviours that can take to TBI. Additionally, functionaries can work to place populations that are at particularly high hazard for enduring TBI. In making so, safety steps can so be instituted to assist take down the prevalence of TBI in these populations. Further, offering recommendations on safety cogwheel in high hazard athleticss and educating leaders ( ie managers ) in these countries may take to farther cut downing cases of TBI. Additionally, educating the populace on the difference safety points such as have oning safety belts while driving and siting in autos and have oning helmets while biking or siting a bike can do may take to lowered case of TBI. Besides, educating the populace on immaterial substances that increase the hazard of TBI, such as the usage of intoxicant, would be prudent, as avoiding the usage and maltreatment of such points may assist lower cases of TBI.DecisionTraumatic hurt of the caput and encephalon has been a serious issue for world since the morning of civilisation. When external force is applied, an change in encephalon map may ensue. This change in encephalon map is referred to as traumatic encephalon hurt ( TBI ) ( Menon ) . TBI occurs most normally after a sudden blow or daze to the caput ( Spencer ) . There are 3 primary mechanisms of TBI hurt: blunt, penetrating, and blast ( Nolan ) . TBI may be mild, moderate or terrible. There are two categorizations of TBI: primary abuses and secondary abuses. The primary abuse occurs at the minute of impact. The secondary abuse consists of the complications that result from the primary abuse. While TBI may look stray and trauma confined to the caput, it is in fact a complex, chronic, and dynamic procedure that requires consistent attending as associated affected organic structure systems are managed ( Losiniecki, Masel ) . Additionally, TBI presents otherwise and must be treated otherwise in different populations. Neonates, kids, and geriatric populations present in different ways and must be treated otherwise in neurosurgical units for both mild and terrible TBI. The hereafter of TBI sees research workers acknowledging the importance of and taking intiative in traveling toward standardisation in specifying TBI and informations aggregation across surveies of TBI ( Maas ) .