The reasons for the fall of Communism and the USSR Essay

The purposes behind the fall of Communism and the USSR - Essay Example Anyway very soon, it was removed by Joseph Stalin in the year 1927 and such standard got finished in the year 1991. The year 1991is a surprising year for the residents of Soviet Union as USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republic) likewise viewed as Soviet Union Collapsed. It is viewed as perhaps the biggest nation that fallen because of the unexpected impact of an atomic super force in this way breaking the whole world. Along these lines, it is one of the most notable dates throughout the entire existence of Soviet Russia (Lorimer, The Collapse of ‘Communism’ in the USSR â€Å"Causes and Significance†). This article primarily features the explanations behind the fall of the communalism and USSR of Soviet Russia alongside the advantages and disadvantages of such a breakdown. Other than this, it additionally features the impact of such a breakdown in the whole world in both positive and negative ways. Aside from this, a little assessment part is additionally introduced in the exposition to assess the positive and negative impacts of such a breakdown alongside an end too. History of Soviet Union The Soviet Union appeared from the insurgency happened in the period of October that ousted the Russian Provisional government and thus, the Soviet Party came into power. It was commanded by Bolsheviks and followed by Russian common war. The Soviet Union is likewise generally viewed as the replacement of the Russian Empire (Lorimer, The Collapse of ‘Communism’ in the USSR â€Å"Causes and Significance†). The Soviet Union was controlled by the last Russian Tsar named Nicholas II from March 1917 to 1922. Toward the year's end 1922, the ancestor to Soviet Union appeared as the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, an autonomous nation. In this manner, in 1922, the nation of Soviet Union grew for the most part because of the association of a few neighboring nations, for example, Russia, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Transcaucasian Soviet Republic. In this manner, after World War II, both Soviet Union and United States got occupied with cold war as they attempted to make their individual impact in the whole world. The whole national legislative issues around then was ruled by the gatherings of the Cold War and the prime reason for this U.S.â€USSR battle was to achieve planetary authority of their individual socioâ€economic frameworks just as thrashing of the domineering effective reaches of the nation. Around then, in spite of the nearness of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), a five-year arranged economy containing a (post-New Economic Po licy), and revocation of the Molotovâ€Ribbentrop Pact mystery conventions, stayed as the fundamental character of Soviet society till 1985 (Lorimer, The Collapse of ‘Communism’ in the USSR â€Å"Causes and Significance†). Right now, all together increase impact Soviet Union broadened their most extreme control over Eastern Europe and Cuba and furthermore an extensive control was additionally kept up over the residents of the nation. Around then, the nation was managed by Leonid Brezhnev known as Brezhnev Era, experienced high financial development and flourishing, however before long finished with an exceptionally more fragile Soviet Union confronting various social, political, and monetary issues. Alongside this, the normal yearly pay additionally brought down, bringing about a very destroying condition inside the nation. Then again, United States investigated different pieces of the world to broaden their line of impact and force. Thusly, it might be portray ed from the above situation, that inspite of various best rulers, the social and monetary state of Soviet Union may not be

Trans Organizational Systems In The Current Turbulent Environment Management Essay

Trans Organizational Systems In The Current Turbulent Environment Management Essay In the current violent condition with the between arranged ventures, by building up compelling network associations the chance of versatile space, compliment and increasingly law based associations and networks will be progressively viable. Associations must make viable relations among themselves as well as other people. In this time the issues like collaboration and connections come up. Associations ought to examine themselves and check and do investigation nature unequivocally to make a manageable network. This paper means to survey some significant parts of Partnerships, Coalitions, Sole and Trans-hierarchical Systems In the current Turbulent Environment. Presentation Today, a lion's share of experts and scholastic eyewitnesses appear to concur that particular types of long haul arranged co-activity between in formal terms autonomous firms and infer significant favorable circumstances which would neither happen basically based on absolutely crafty conduct and transient directions nor would they emerge from structures of focal control and hierarchical coordination (Bachmann, 2007). Without a doubt, the pattern towards the foundation of close-and long haul situated outside connections is solid and has likewise been affirmed by numerous commitments which as of late talked about the qualities of the arrangement of between firm relations (Bachmann, 2007). The term association portrays an exceptionally wide scope of agreements and casual game plans among firms and networks. The people group associated with organizations extend from nearby to worldwide in scale. Organizations are connections and understandings that are effectively gone into, on the desire for advantage, by at least two gatherings. Organizations are framed to address issues of aggregate ramifications of people at nearby and territorial spatial levels, for example, administration, personal satisfaction, financial turn of events, social union, work, and so on. Associations are a way to share hazard between the two gatherings, and outsiders frequently assume significant steady jobs (Mayers and Vermeulen, 2002). Qualities of compelling network associations Discoveries from the examination directed by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) have shown that compelling network associations incorporate the accompanying qualities: A thorough vision that includes all portions in a network and parts of network life. A broadly shared vision that has been concurred on by gatherings and residents over the network. A solid center of submitted accomplices who have been engaged with the association from the earliest starting point. A comprehensive and expansive based enrollments that mirrors the interest from all sections of the network, including the work place. Shirking or speedy goals of contention that may make a misconception about an associations essential reason. Decentralized units, for example, nearby arranging committees or neighborhood groups, which not just energize activity coordinated at the requirements of the little territories inside a network, yet additionally enroll inhabitants to take the essential activities or choices. Sensible staff turnover that isn't problematic. Broad counteraction exercises and backing for nearby avoidance. (CSAP, 2000). Associations likewise reinforce fair practices. The best test of communitys organizations is to utilize their own benefits and to disguise the need to better their ways of life that can be accomplished through individual and network strengthening. The elements that exist in a network are called resources characterized by three interrelated qualities: incorporate the limits of the individuals, inside engaged and driven by connections. To enable the network implies that it might have the option to make riches and the premise of reasonable improvement utilizing all the assets and all the vehicles available to its. In people group associations, power relations are altered among the principle on-screen characters, NGOs, grassroots associations, the private area and nearby governments, as equivalent accomplices in accord building and dynamic. As a basic component of improvement, network establishments unite key investors as equivalent accomplices with their own one of a kind resources and their skill of the earth. Networks must become equivalent accomplices in the improvement procedure through the association of every one of their individuals in the investigation of existing resources as a beginning stage for propelling a venture activity, as opposed to become beneficiaries needing skill. Creative answers for difficulties confronting social orders can be found through organizations between government, firms, networks and common society. Through organizations, these financial specialists may cooperate to plan and adjust techniques and strategies and take activities steady with shared needs to improve administration of neighborhood conditions. Focal points of Partnerships As indicated by Cinnã ©ide (2003) upgraded administration through associations empowers society to take care of issues all the more successfully through: Incorporated all encompassing methodology Co-appointment of approaches/activities Cooperation of community society in dynamic Sympathy with nearby needs/conditions Adjustment of strategies/activities to neighborhood needs Specially custom fitted region based techniques Utilizing extra assets Collaboration from collaboration Two different ways to advance putting resources into networks are to include the private division and to concentrate on riches creation instead of destitution easing. With organizations the network carries different elements to be impetuses, facilitators and vehicles to activate assets. Organizations are imperative to the private division since they help to deal with the desires for the network. The private area has the component through which it can activate assets, help governments and be a decent accomplice for networks. Detriments of Partnership A preferred position of an organization over a sole ownership can likewise be a hindrance. That accomplice who was at first ideal to have around to help settle on choices can rapidly transform into somebody to contend with over how the business ought to be run. In an organization you don't generally get your direction. Be that as it may, in a sole ownership, you get the opportunity to settle on the entirety of the choices. Just you are liable for progress or disappointment. The primary detriment of an association in contrast with a constrained organization, enterprise, or restricted obligation organization is the boundless risk of an association. In a normal association, each accomplice is by and by obligated for the obligations of the organization. On the off chance that your accomplice adds to a great deal of obligations for the business, or if the business loses a claim, the lenders can come after your own things to get paid, (for example, your own financial balances, vehicle, ves sel, and so forth.). Be that as it may, if your business is fused or enlisted as a restricted obligation organization, the banks can just come after cash and property having a place with the business. Essentially, in the event that you are a restricted accomplice in a constrained association, lenders can just come after property of the business or the general accomplices. Your own property is sheltered in such conditions. The possibility of the business substances with constrained risk of the proprietors came to fruition as a route for the administration to urge individuals to begin organizations to help the economy. It is a best approach into business without gambling all that you own. Another conceivable preferred position to different types of working together is in the territory of duties. Figuring out which sort of business substance gives the best duty circumstance will rely on numerous factors of the specific business wherein you are included. This can best be controlled by a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) or expense lawyer. The figure underneath is another glance at the points of interest and inconveniences of the different kinds of business associations (Haman, 2004, pp.4-5). 4. Government-government organizations The exceptional open private US-Mexico Partnership for Prosperity activity was propelled in September 2001 with activities to target financial advancement in Mexico in the zones, which create the most vagrants. US-Mexico Partnership for Prosperity conveys the Good Partner Award to perceive the job of the private area in propelling social and monetary advancement in Mexico. In 2004, the victors were General Motors de Mã ©xico and Comercial Mexicana de Pinturas (Consorcio COMEX). US-Mexico Partnership for Prosperity has as a focal program the government managed savings understanding and elevates access to nourishment programs for the Hispanic populace. The Mothers Union features the way that it offers negligible empty talk to the job of common society, has a selective spotlight on government-government organizations and ignores the requirement for sexual orientation equity and human rights to be fundamental to the advancement procedure: Such holes are less inclined to have been missing if the Commission had included individuals from the grassroots of Africa and specifically more women(Daniel, 2006). 5. Government-firms organizations Associations among governments and personal business are vital now and again for supportability and improvement of miniaturized scale and little endeavors. The open private segment association coordinated effort between the Konkola Copper Mines riches creation organization with the legislature, the World Bank Group through the International Finance Corporation and different associations and offices and corporate accomplices, similar to British Petroleum have a social improvement plan, An open private organization among Timberland and City Year of Americorps has extended exercises to 13 locales the nation over and an experimental run program in South Africa. Merck has an organization with the Gates Foundation and the Botswanan government to help wellbeing administrations there. Joining forces with Business is a private area association between the Business Council for Sustainable Energy (BCSE) and United States Agency for International Development (USAID), advance practical vitality

New Student Series Part 6 Chun-Fai Chan COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Series Part 6 Chun-Fai Chan COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Please welcome Chun-Fai Chan to the Class of 2017.  Chun-Fai Chan works in adult education teaching GED-level classes, and hopes to collaborate with various entities  in workforce development after SIPA.  He says that being admitted to SIPA was the happiest moment of my life (not counting his wedding, of course).   Full Name: Chun-Fai Chan Program: Master of Public Administration Concentration: Urban Social Policy Specialization: Management Anticipated Graduation Year:  2017 Hometown: Boston, MA Undergraduate university, major and graduation year: Northeastern University, B.S. Biology 2003 What’s your professional background? Educator/Political Campaign Promoter Did you apply to SIPA to change careers or to gain experience in a career path you already have experience in? It is a little of both. My focus the past three years was in adult education teaching GED-level classes to students of diverse, academic backgrounds. I’m interested in gaining experience regarding the workforce development side of adult education in collaboration with non-profits, community organizations, and government entities. What was your reaction when you found out you were accepted to SIPA? When I opened the letter online and saw the colorful streamers coming down, I could not believe it. All the hard work of refining my application and rewriting me essays made me feel truly blessed and grateful that it was accepted. Besides my wedding day, it was the happiest moment of my life (so far).   Why did you say yes to SIPA? I knew that SIPA would provide me with the resources, tools, and network to take my career to the next level. The fact that my wife would be working and living with me in New York City made my decision much easier.   What do you most look forward to as a graduate student at SIPA? I look forward to learning and listening from the SIPA community that have a vast array of perspectives about the world. To have this engagement is something that can be fleeting if not cherished.   Do you have any apprehensions about starting graduate school? Not really. But I know that I have a lot of homework to prepare for the core classes in the fall. I do not intend to take the homework and the upcoming academic work lightly.   What are your goals after SIPA? I hope to play a significant role in a Workforce Development agency and serve as an intermediary who directs government resources and the training needs of private businesses to nonprofit organizations that can provide adult education and career-development services.   If you could change one small thing about your community, country or the world, what would it be? Make sure that the opportunities and resources I receive will be paid forward to the next person or generation.   Tell us something interesting about yourself: I did sing in an “A Capella” group when I was in high school. This, in turn, led me to moonlight as a MC/wedding singer for a few wedding receptions during the Great Recession. If youd like to participate in the series, please email us at sipa_new@columbia.edu  to share your personal admissions story,  what your summer vacation will entail/did entail, or anything else you think your peers would enjoy reading about! You may submit a blog post of your choosing, or submit the  New Student Survey with pre-populated questions to get you started. And don’t forget  to submit  a photo or two to help us visualize your story!

Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children

Unit 204 Outcome 3 What is meant by Inclusive and Inclusion Practice? Inclusive practice is identifying and understanding any barriers that are stopping children from completing the activity. We have to make sure that whatever the child’s background they are able to fully join in with everything within the school. This will make the children feel valued and have a sense of belonging. Inclusion does not mean that we view each other the same or provide the same work, it is about making sure we are making adaptions to the activity instead of making a child do a completely different activity and make sure we are providing the same opportunities. We need to take on board and accept that the child is different. Medical model of†¦show more content†¦Sean noticed one of the children, Jamie, sitting at the side just watching and asked where his model was. Kira’s reply was that because of his disability (cerebral palsy), Jamie had difficulty in using the tools and materials. She said that she asks him to read a book during the art and craft lesson. Suggest how Jamie might feel – Jamie would feel left out, upset and wandering why he is being left out. He might feel embarrassed orShow MoreRelatedEquality Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People956 Words   |  4 PagesEquality diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people: Alison Brooks Assessment of how own attitude values and behaviour could impact on work with young people and children. 2.3 All those working in the school have a legal duty to protect the rights of children and young people. 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The Full Scope Of Human Life - 871 Words

Humans are an interesting species because of the strong need humans have to fully understand what it truly means to be human. Many fields such as history, psychology, and sociology all offer a perspective in the study of humanity, but there are distinguishable from anthropology. Anthropology differs from other humanities fields due to its holistic nature, comparative research methods, and the strong emphasis on fieldwork and participant interaction. Anthropology is the study of people throughout the world, their evolutionary history, how they behave, adapt to different environments, communicate and socialize with one another. In order for anthropologists to examine the full scope of human life, they employ the four field approach that embodies the holistic nature of the field. The four subfields of anthropology are physical anthropology, archeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology examines the evolution of humans and their variability, and adaptations to their environment due to natural selection. Archeology is the historical examination of human life through remnants or artifacts of human past. These artifacts can be used to reconstruct human behavior before written records or to explore the more recent past of humans. Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life in the past and present. Cultural anthropology is the branch of anthropology that focuses on the cultural variations among humans and theirShow MoreRelatedExternal Laws And Judicial Decisions919 Words   |  4 PagesLack of Absolution These rights enshrined in constitutions are rarely absolute. Constitutions often limit rights by making references to external laws, narrowing their scope to the public sphere, invoking religion, and pointing out the supremacy of other constitutional provisions. 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The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover Rate Free Essays

string(46) " and job satisfaction on turnover intentions\." The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover Rate Introduction Adelphoi Village is a private, non- profit company that provide community based services to children and adolescents in the Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and West Virginia area. Adelphoi Village provides programs and services that strive to guide each youth on a path that will provide meaning, purpose and value in his/her life. Founded in 1971, Adelphoi Village has expanded to serve over 800 youth in 60 different counties. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover Rate or any similar topic only for you Order Now Adelphoi Village conduct several different services which includes, group homes, foster/adoptive services, charter school, multisystemic therapy, education services, diagnostic, in-home services, specialized independent living, secure care, mental health programs and other services that overlap to form a complete continuum of care for children, youth, and families. One of the departments under Adelphoi Village’s umbrella is its Multisystemic Therapy (MST) program. The MST program provides intensive in- home family therapy to youth who are involved with Department of Juvenile Justice or Child Protective Services. The MST therapist strive to empower the parents with the skills and resources needed to become independent in addressing the difficulties that arise in raising adolescents, and to assist the youth in developing life-long coping skills. In the MST program families receive in home therapy 2 to 3 times a week for two hours each session. The therapist carries a caseload of 4 to 6 families and is on call for the families 24/7. I have been working for Adelphoi Village’s MST York program as a MST therapist since July 2012. The Adelphoi Village MST York team consists of one supervisor and four therapists. The MST York team covers the entire York County, PA area. In order for the company to be at the maximum number for productivity the MST program needs to be fully staffed. Adelphoi Villages MST York program therapist does not only perform the demanding duties of MST, but also performs several other demanding duties making the job very intensive and unbearable. Due to the intensiveness of the job this program has had and continues to have a very high turnover rate which could be due to the employees being over worked and underpaid. Employees are dissatisfied with their job which causes them to leave and search for other employment. Before I started with this company the MST York team was down one therapist for about a year. Before then the team was down two therapists for about two and a half years. Currently we are looking to hire two new therapists to start working with the team. There have been 10 interviews set up; however, only 3 people have decided to interview with the company. Others have stated that they changed their mind about working for the company because the job is too demanding and lacks the pay that they are looking to obtain. Problem Statement Adelphoi Village’s MST program experiences a high turnover rate each year. For the MST York team it is very hard to keep the team at full capacity due to the dissatisfaction of their employees. Employees’ needs are not being met and they are being overworked with lack of appreciation, low pay, and low incentives. This paper will examine the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. This paper will identify the causes of employee turnover and how it relates to job satisfaction. This paper will also identify examples on how the company could increase job satisfaction for their employees, thus decreasing employee turnover. Literature Review Wang, Wang, and Yang (2012) conducted a research study comparing public and private employees’ job satisfaction and turnover in Taiwan. The population consisted of 500 employees in the public sector and 500 employees in the private sector. Questionnaires were used to collect data from employees of various private enterprises and public organizations. The results showed that the job satisfaction and turnover intentions of public employees are different from those of private employees (Wang, Wang, and Yang 2012). Researchers found that public employees in Taiwan have lower extrinsic job satisfaction and lower turnover intentions compared to their counterparts in the private sector. Wang, Wang, and Yang (2012) reported that job satisfaction is found to be negatively associated with turnover intentions. When employees are dissatisfied, they think more of quitting their jobs. Dissatisfaction may stimulate from lack of pay, lack of job security, lack of incentives, and lack of appreciation. If those who are dissatisfied continue to stay on in their jobs, their low work motivation will decrease the overall performance of the organization (Wang, Wang, and Yang 2012). Lanham, Rye, Rimsky, and Weill (2012) conducted a study on how gratitude relates to burnout and job satisfaction in mental health professionals. Sixty-five mental health professionals including; counselors, case managers, clinical administrators/supervisors, employment/housing specialists, social workers, and psychologists completed questionnaires assessing demographics, job context variables, hope, gratitude, burnout, and job satisfaction. Lanham, Rye, Rimsky and Weill (2012) stated that mental health professionals are at high risk of burnout and turnover. Burnout which results from persistent work stress, involves emotional exhaustion (mental strain attributed to job Stressors), depersonalization (mentally distancing oneself and adopting a more impersonal view of other people), and decreased sense of personal accomplishment. Burnout can adversely affect both personal health and organizational functioning (Lanham, Rye, Rimsky and Weill 2012). Another positive psychology construct that may affect burnout is gratitude, which involves being aware of and appreciating good things that happen and taking the time to express thanks (Lanham, Rye, Rimsky and Weill 2012). There are several reasons why gratitude might relate to less burnout and higher job satisfaction among mental health professionals. Gratitude motivates pro-social behavior and corporate social responsibility. Lanham, Rye, Rimsky and Weill (2012) stated that since so many factors contribute to burnout and workplace satisfaction, agency administrators need to examine the extent to which agency policies contribute to employee burnout and job dissatisfaction. Huning and Thomson (2011) conducted a study on an empirical examination of the impact of performance attributions and job satisfaction on turnover intentions. You read "The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover Rate" in category "Papers" Participants consisted of 363 graduate and undergraduate students. Participants completed a survey related to attributes, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Results show that job satisfaction mediates between causality attributions, stability attributions, and turnover intentions. Job satisfaction has been defined as a pleasurable emotional state the results from the appraisal of one’s job (Locke 1976). Job satisfaction describes an affective reaction to one’s job as well as attitudes toward the job. This in turn suggests that job satisfaction is formed from affect, cognition, and ultimately will result in satisfaction contingent job-related behaviors (Huning and Thomson 2011). Huning and Thomas (2011) found that job satisfaction is the central variable in among the central theoretical and empirical contributions in employee turnover. Lambert, Hogan and Barton (2001) conducted a study on the impact of job satisfaction on turnover intent: a test of a structural measurement model using a national sample of workers. Based upon the literature, a structural measurement model incorporating four core antecedents of turnover (i. e. , demographic characteristics, work environment, job satisfaction, and turnover intent) was developed and tested using a national sample of American workers. The results indicate that the work environment is more important in shaping worker job satisfaction than are demographic characteristics, and that job satisfaction is a highly salient antecedent of turnover intent. Finally, job satisfaction is a key mediating variable between the work environment and turnover intent (Lambert, Hogan and Barton 2001). Camp (1993) conducted a study on Assessing the Effects of Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction on Turnover: An Event History Approach. Camp examined two types of subjective measurement of the work environment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment, which are often thought to be related to turnover. Camp (1993) found that organizational comm itment, as measured by both commitment to the overall organization and the more specific institution, is inversely related to turnover among correctional workers at the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Analysis Job satisfaction and turnover have a strong correlational relationship. Turnover is the ratio of employees leaving jobs with a company as a percentage of total employees in the organization. Job satisfaction is commonly linked to turnover ratios. Employees who are generally satisfied at work tend to stay, while dissatisfied employees often look for other work. Many factors affect the level of satisfaction among employees. Pay is noted as a key factor to job satisfaction (Kokemuller 2010). Other factors that affect job satisfaction include; job security, appreciation, work conditions, co- workers and supervisor support, and gratitude. It is noted that as job satisfaction increases, absenteeism tends to go down, and as job satisfaction decreases, absenteeism often goes up (Schermerhorn 5). Taking care of job satisfaction today can be considered an investment in tomorrow’s performance potential (Schermerhorn 12). Solutions There are many ways that employees as well as the administrative staff can increase job satisfaction to avoid turnover. One of the most tangible things that employees can do to increase job satisfaction is to get organized. Managing your workload efficiently can help increase job satisfaction. When you become organized it can create a since of relief in your everyday work load. Another way employees can increase personal job satisfaction is to develop an optimistic point of view and change negative self talk patterns. This will assist employees with viewing things in a more positive light. Employees can also reward and recognize self for doing a wonderful job. Many jobs fail to recognize employees for doing a great job; employees can treat themselves to a movie or to a spa, to recognize the fact that they are making a wonderful impact on their company. Administrative staff can also begin to incorporate rewards and recognition into daily practices. When employees feel recognized and appreciated by the administrative staff if creates a since of belonging and willingness for employees to do their best in carrying out their jobs. Companies could also offer employees flexible work schedules and better pay. Easing an employer’s work schedule can reduce job loss and keep training costs down. Offering employees better pay could also reduce job loss. Companies could also begin to encourage open communication between management and staff. For example, management could install a comment box in the lobby of the office for employees to drop in written feedback so that an understanding of why employees feel dissatisfied could be communicated between management and staff. Reflection In completing this paper I have learned how job dissatisfaction relates to turnover rate and burnout in employees. I have learned and understood the factors that lead to job dissatisfaction and how to create personal job satisfaction. I recently decided to leave Adelphoi Village and obtain employment with another company. Although I am doing similar work, I have decided to work with a different company that offered my better pay and more stability. I understand that in my line of work as a therapist that there is a high job burnout and turnover rate in this field. I have to use what I have learned in completing this paper and in class to create personal job satisfaction. Positive self talk, self recognition, and self reward are some of the ways I can continue to create personal job satisfaction which in turn will lower my burnout and turnover rate. Reference: Camp, S. (1993) Assessing the Effects of Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction on Turnover: An Event History Approach. The Prison Journal, 74(3), 279-305. Huning, T. , Thomson, N. (2011) An Empirical Examination of the Impact of Performance Attributions and Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intentions. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 15(1) Kokemuller, N. (2010) Job Satisfaction and Turnover. Retrieved on October 14, 2012 from http://www. ehow. com/info_7746396_job-satisfaction-turnover. html Lambert, E. , Hogan, N. , Barton, S. (2001) The Impact of Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intent: A Test of a Structural Measurement Model Using a National Sample of Workers. The Social Science Journal. Lanham, M. , Rye, M. , Rimsky, L. , Weill, S. (2012) How Gratitude Relates to Burnout and Job Satisfaction in Mental Health Professionals. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(4), 341-354 Locke, 1976 cited in Brief, A. P. , ;amp; Weiss, H. M. (2001). Organizational behavior: affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 279-307, p. 282 Schermerhorn, John R.. Organizational Behavior, 12th Edition. John Wiley ;amp; Sons, 11/2011. ;lt;vbk:9781118426319#outline(1. 5. 3. 2);gt;. Wang, Y. , Wang, K. , Yang, C. (2012). Comparing Public and Private Employees’ Job Satisfaction and Turnover. Journal of Public Personnel Management, 41(3), 557-573. How to cite The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover Rate, Papers

Dickens use of language and he wider historical context Essay Example For Students

Dickens use of language and he wider historical context Essay His eyes are barely distinguishable the only thing that brings life about them is his eyelashes and on top of that he also gives the right answer to Gradgrind which seems to be scientific facts on what a horse really is. This would tell me that Bitzer doesnt get out much and most probably spends the majority of his time with his head in books researching the facts that Choakumchild and Gradgrind pump into him every day. I have a better reaction to Sissy than to Bitzer. I dont really like either of them but Sissy seems more interesting. Gradgrind gives a better reception to Bitzer than he does to Sissy. The first thing that ticks him off about Sissy is her name and the reason he acts more politely towards Bitzer is because he gets the answer right and he likes the way he answers it. The reason Sissys answer is would have been wrong, if she had answered, is because Gradgrind thinks that living in a rationalistic society where facts are all that mattered that would have been considered politically wrong. She seems to get out more and have a life outside of school. Where as Bitzers life is school. He seems like a condescending boy who likes to be on the teachers good side, and knows everything there is to know. I prefer Sissy because shes uninterested in school but not the type of pupil who hangs onto to every word but I dont like her because of her density she doesnt give the impression that shes the sharpest knife in the box. She may answer the question but its not the right answer which makes her seem not at all clever. To give these results Dickens used different ways of narrative and speech to describe these characters and express the way they act around other characters of the story. He also uses them to express his own views and opinions. Dickens uses quite a lot of speech in the opening chapters so there isnt much narrative there. The first chapter starts out with speech from Mr Gradgrind, facts, facts, facts. In this monotonous tone he repeated the words facts many times. This puts the emphasis on these facts making it the most important thing throughout the opening chapters. The monologue which is also droning isnt very interesting. Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and root out everything else, once again he is talking about facts which are not in the least bit attention-grabbing. There is no interaction at all and no one elses opinions are given which would seem like no one thinks for them self. This could be because everything is done and is from Gradgrinds point of view. Thomas Gradgrind now presented Thomas Gradgrind to the little pitchers before him, who were to be filled with facts. This way we only get one opinion which is not really fair on the reader because they dont get to see what other characters are thinking. Dickens has done this maybe to show how the people of that time felt about the changes that were going on around them that they were opposed to. The narration is very different to the text it is more descriptive than anything else. In such terms Mr Gradgrind always mentally introduced himself, whether to his private circle of acquaintance, or to the public in general. In such terms, no doubt, substituting the words boys and girls for sir, Thomas Gradgrind now presented Thomas Gradgrind to the little pitchers before him, who were to be filled with facts. .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665 , .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665 .postImageUrl , .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665 , .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665:hover , .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665:visited , .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665:active { border:0!important; } .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665:active , .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665 .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua756a3a65d893abe83defba0b3713665:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Skewed Vision: The False Ethics, American Athletic EssayThis is certain piece of text is telling us about Mr Gradgrind and most of the narrative is the same. Describing, children, characters the setting and types of situation. The narrative gives a more in depth look at what is going on and tells us more about the characters through the ways the interact with others. In conclusion I think Dickens has expressed his view on how education was in a rationalistic society very strongly. It seems to be a very strict and fact orientated education system which is thought best for the children though they may find it quite confusing. There is no room for error, misinterpretation, or personal opinions. There is only room for facts which is what everything in life is about. And facts are what justify the way things are. Dickens strongly disagrees with this system with he shows through the first couple of chapters of the book. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Hard Times section.

Antilegalization Of Marijuana Essays - Drug Control Law, Free Essays

Antilegalization Of Marijuana Essays - Drug Control Law, Free Essays Antilegalization Of Marijuana Dear Congressman, I am honored to be writing to you on such a significant topic of national concern. Average citizens are annoyed and just plain fatigued with the drugs and crime problems in America. These upright citizens, that contribute to the growth of American society, are being told that legalization is a reasonable alternative to dealing with these problems in their communities. Legalization of any drug is not a positive way to fight crime. In fact, there is no legitimate reason to legalize drugs. The Legalization of marijuana is the starting point of the pro-legalization of drugs movement. The issue of legalizing marijuana is truly a controversial one, and certainly one that requires a plethora of considerations at the top levels of the legislative branch. When considering the possibility of legalizing marijuana as a recreational drug, there are a number of concerns that come to mind. Is marijuana physically harmful to the user? Is marijuana an addictive drug? Does the use of marijuana lead to dependency situations? Does it act as gateway to more hazardous drugs? Does the notion of legalizing marijuana send an immoral, wrong message to the youth of America? Mr. Congressman, the answer to all these questions is YES. According to the DEA (1998), the supreme ruler of drug knowledge in America, there are over 10,000 scientific studies that prove marijuana is a harmful and addictive drug. Yet there is no reliable study that proves marijuana has any medical value. Marijuana is an unstable mixture of over 425 chemicals, which when smoked are converted to over thousands. Most of these are toxic, psychoactive chemicals which are unstudied and appear in uncontrolled strengths. Marijuana leads to many different consequences depending on the personality and general characteristics of the individual using the drug. These may include, but are not limited to: premature cancer, addiction, coordination and perception impairment, mental disorders, hostility and increased aggressiveness, general unconcern of life, memory loss, reproductive disabilities, and impairment to the immune system. Marijuana is currently up to 25 times more potent than it was in the 1960's, which makes the drug even more addictive. In 1994, a U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that marijuana should remain a Schedule I drug: highly addictive with no medical usefulness. Marijuana is a harmful substance. The use of marijuana for the purposes of intoxication leads to a number of serious health risks. Research has proven that marijuana damages short term memory, distorts perceptions, impairs complex motor skills, alters the heart rate, can lead to severe anxiety, and can cause paranoia and lethargy. A condition called Amotivational syndrome take places after chronic use. It is defined by Dr. Harry Avis (1996), professor of psychology as, a condition characterized by a lack of ambition or desire to succeed, presumed to be the result of smoking marijuana. As reported in The Medical Journal of Australia, Marijuana causes birth defects, fetal damage, lung cancer, long-term impairment of memory, schizophrenia, suppression of the immune system, and even leukemia in the children of marijuana-smoking mothers (Nahas & Latour, 1992). The National Institute on Drug Abuse (1996) reported that the chemicals found in marijuana smoke suppresses the neurons in the information-processing system of the hippocampus. This is the part of the brain that is crucial for learning, memory, and the integration of sensory experiences with emotions and motivation. Marijuana, should it be legalized, would ruin many Americans' abilities to learn, and would abruptly decay the development and progress of the American Society. Marijuana is dangerous, and it is more dangerous than it ever has been. The federal Drug Abuse Warning Network, or DAWN, claims that recent statistics show increases in the number of patients mentioning marijuana in hospital emergency rooms (The Marijuana Debate Goes On, 1998). Inexperienced users may suffer acute anxiety the first time they use it. This could be a direct result of the increase in potency of marijuana. Growers have access to the latest agricultural technologies and scientific methods which enable them to grow more powerful marijuana. Growers have become extremely sophisticated about developing varieties of marijuana with high concentrations of THC (Is Marijuana Dangerous? Is It Addictive?, 1995). THC, or Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is one of the 400 chemicals in marijuana. It accounts for most of marijuana's psychoactive, or mind-altering, effects (Facts About Marijuana and Marijuana Abuse, 1996). The levels of THC found in the modern drug markets' marijuana are much higher than they have ever been. The concentration of THC will keep increasing in the future. This directly leads to more and stronger addictions to marijuana. One argument that the pro-legalization movement pleads is that

Human Rights Nonprofit Advocacy Organisations In Uk Social Work Essay Essays

Human Rights Nonprofit Advocacy Organisations In Uk Social Work Essay Essays Human Rights Nonprofit Advocacy Organisations In Uk Social Work Essay Essay Human Rights Nonprofit Advocacy Organisations In Uk Social Work Essay Essay The constitution of public policy requires strong protagonism administrations as they are boosters and Godheads of policy thoughts, suppliers of indispensable resources ( expertness, financess and information ) and makers of public sentiment needed to accomplish effectual policies. There is an ample diverseness within the population of protagonism group, some are good set up advocators with memorable histories of policy work while others are freshly emerged administrations recommending for a cause. Working on a assortment of subjects, they operate at all degrees in the policy sphere. They have many organisational signifiers, support beginnings, and protections. Their activities cover a broad scope of tactics that include lobbying, forming, research, run finance, and so forth ( McNutt, 2010 ) . Nowadays it s non an easy undertaking to measure who and how many administrations engage in protagonism activities. Measuring lobbying outgo is non plenty as lobbying is merely one among assorted activities included in protagonism pattern. Advocacy includes a huge scope of undertakings such as researching, letter-writing, analysing, educating, skill-building, constructing relationships, mobilizing, forming, protesting, petitioning, facilitating, rousing power, convention, etc ( Avner, 2004 ) . There are plentifulness of chances for administrations to progress a policy and societal alteration without even prosecuting in lobbying. Advocacy is an indispensable activity for non-profit-making administrations in United Kingdom. In its assorted signifiers, whether implies buttonholing or instruction and agenda-setting, protagonism plays an of import function in the non-profit-making sector. Therefore understanding what non-profit-making protagonism is, how and to what extent protagonism is practiced and what are the nucleus organizational features with an impact on protagonism engagement is of a important affair. Most non-profit-making protagonism is carried by administrations with a nucleus mission of protagonism but direct service administrations gained recently a significant function in the protagonism sphere. An of import issue is that this type of administrations face particular challenges when practising advocacy non as a primarly but as a secondary organisational map to back up the nucleus mission of direct service. ( Kimberlin, 2010 ) Assorted philosophical and practical barriers are faced by direct services non-profit-making administrations when they try to implement effectual protagonism activities. The chief philosophical barrier is related to the unwilligness to to the full authorise components as advocators expressed by some service oriented not-for-profits. In this instance components are regarded more as service receivers instead so active organisation representatives. Althought there is a clear tendency in public policy doing to back up the demand for non-profit-making direct service administrations to leverage the cognition and expertness of their components and staff to recommend for societal justness ( Donaldson, 2008 ) . Practical barriers can be deficiency of support, fright of requital from nucleus organisational funders or limited protagonism accomplishments among staff. Literature reappraisal There are many ways to specify non-profit-making protagonism. Even if many non-profit-making administrations advocate on behalf of single clients, more frequently non-profit-making protagonism refers to collective protagonism. A frequent definition of non-profit-making protagonism is produced by Jenkins who describe protagonism as any effort tp influence the determinations of an institutional elite on behalf of a corporate involvement. ( Jenkins, 1987:297 ) . Scholars have advanced definitions that emphasize the struggle inherent in protagonism, for them advocacy organisations do public involvement claims either advancing or defying societal alteration that, if implemented, would conflict with the societal, cultural, political, or economic involvements or values of other constituencies and groups. ( Andrews and Edwards, 2004:481 ) Assorted researchings differentiate between self involvement organisational protagonism and progressive protagonism. If self involvement protagonism is designed to protect administration support contracts, progressive protagonism pattern refers to advocacy that ( 1 ) seeks to reference underlying structural and power unfairnesss as distinct from protagonism motivated by organisational involvement, and ( 2 ) applies strategies that meaningfully prosecute clients or components in all facets of the protagonism procedure. ( Donaldson, 2008:26 ) In this instance protagonism s primarly intent is to progress the involvements of components, instead so self involvements. Furthermore components are engaged in the protagonism sphere. Another position in specifying non-profit-making protagonism is the scope of administrations categorized as not-for-profit. In a research about protagonism administrations engaged in the political procedure, Andrews and Edwards ( 2004 ) include involvement groups, societal motion administrations and direct service not-for-profit bureaus. Some protagonism research workers ( Reid, 2006 ) analyzed administrations for whom protagonism is a nucleus mission. Others ( Donaldson, 2008 ) have explored direct service administrations that consider protagonism as a secondary organizational activity. Few researches focus on protagonism across both types of non-profit-making administrations ( Salmon, 2002 ) . Research purpose The intent of this thesis is to analyze the patterns of service orientated non-profit-making administrations in the specific field of human rights ( LGBT sector ) . The purpose of this survey is to place organisational features associated with engagement in protagonism, practical schemes and best patterns for easing protagonism attempts in organisations that conduct protagonism as a secondary instead than core organisational activity in the human rights field ( LGBT sector ) . Footings of mention To what extent non-profit-making organisations triping in human rights field ( LGBT sector ) participate in the protagonism sphere? There is any relationship between reception of authorities support and engagement in protagonism? Can assorted non-profit-making features, like organisational size and adulthood, have an influence on protagonism apetite? Can serve oriented non-profit-making administrations employ the same schemes used by nucleus protagonism not-for-profits? What are the restrictions? What are the most effectual patterns and schemes for non-profit-making administrations triping in human rights field ( LGBT sector ) to accomplish protagonism ends? Another unsolved inquiry in the literature that examines not-for-profit protagonism is the extent to which bureau protagonism behaviour is motivated by self or agency-interest, for illustration, to protect support beginnings, or make bureaus have a broader intent to their protagonism agenda that includes turn toing structural and power unfairnesss. the reply to these inquiries might act upon the schemes and tactics bureaus use in their protagonism pattern, that is, whether or non the bureau engages in progressive protagonism, or protagonism that is largely expert-driven and motivated chiefly by agency-interest. Advocacy is stating or showing something you know to person you know in order to better the quality of life for others ( Mitchell and Philibert 2002 ; Zeitler 2007 ) In order to be most effectual, protagonism attempts require a echt desire for alteration and efi ¬?cient communicating. Advocacy besides involves constructing relationships with fellow advocators, every bit good as elected ofi ¬?cials at the local, province, and national degrees ( LaRocco and Bruns 2005 ; Zeitler 2007 ) . Andrews, K. A ; Edwards, B. ( 2004 ) . Advocacy organisations in the U.S. political procedure. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 479-506. hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.leedsmet.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=10HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.leedsmet.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=10 A ; hid=113 A ; sid=e8d04f04-1eaf-4dc2-808a-2754c2071dd5 @ sessionmgr112 amp ; HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.leedsmet.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=10 A ; hid=113 A ; sid=e8d04f04-1eaf-4dc2-808a-2754c2071dd5 @ sessionmgr112 hid=113HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.leedsmet.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=10 A ; hid=113 A ; sid=e8d04f04-1eaf-4dc2-808a-2754c2071dd5 @ sessionmgr112 amp ; HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.leedsmet.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=10 A ; hid=113 A ; sid=e8d04f04-1eaf-4dc2-808a-2754c2071dd5 @ sessionmgr112 sid=e8d04f04-1eaf-4dc2-808a-2754c2071dd5 % 40sessionmgr112 Avner, M. ( 2004 ) . The lobbying and protagonism enchiridion for non-profit-making organisations: Determining public policy at the province and local degree. St. Paul, MN: Amherst H. Wilder Foundation. Donaldson, L. ( 2008 ) . Developing a progressive protagonism plan within a human services bureau. Administration in Social Work, 32 ( 2 ) , 25-47. Jenkins, J. C. ( 1987 ) . Nonprofit organisations and policy protagonism. In W. Powell ( Ed. ) , The non-profit-making sector: A research enchiridion ( pp. 296-320 ) . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Kimberlin, Sara E. ( 2010 ) Advocacy by Nonprofit organizations: Functions and Practices of Core Advocacy Organizations and Direct Service Agencies , Journal of Policy Practice, 9: 3, 164 182 hypertext transfer protocol: //dx.doi.org/10.1080/15588742.2010.487249 LaRocco, D. J. , A ; Bruns, D. A. ( 2005 ) . Advocacy is merely a phone call off: Schemes to do a difference on behalf of kids and their households. Young Exceptional Children, 8 ( 4 ) , 11-18. McNutt, John G. ( 2010 ) Researching Advocacy Groups: Internet Sources for Research about Public Interest Groups and Social Movement Organizations , Journal of Policy Practice, 9: 3, 308 312 hypertext transfer protocol: //dx.doi.org/10.1080/15588742.2010.487247 Mitchell, L. M. , A ; Philibert, D. B. ( 2002 ) . Family, professional, and political protagonism: Rights and duties. Young Exceptional Children, 5 ( 4 ) , 11-18. Reid, E. ( 2006 ) . Nonprofit protagonism and political engagement. In E. T. Boris A ; C. E. Steuerle ( Eds. ) , Nonprofits and authorities: Collaboration and struggle ( pp.343-371 ) . Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.campuskitchens.org/kellogg/images/ves/nonprofit_advocacy_and_participation.pdf Salamon, L. ( 2002 ) . Explaining non-profit-making protagonism: An explorative analysis. Johns Hopkins University, Institute for Policy Studies, Center for Civil Society Studies Working Paper No. 21. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cedag-eu.org/uploads/File/workingpaper21.pdf

Burger King's Position on Ethics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Burger King's Position on Ethics - Term Paper Example Guiding Documents First, Burger King has ethics policy documents guiding aspects of the firm’s operations. One of the four documents is the Code of Business Ethics and Conduct which guides the overall firm operations. Through this policy, Burger King commits to â€Å"†¦taking no ethical shortcuts of any kind. Integrity and honesty are simply not optional† (Burger King Corporation, 2009). The other one is the Code of Business Ethics and Conduct for Vendors that guides vendors on internal and customer relations to ensure ethical practices. The Code of Conduct for Directors is Burger Kings third ethical policy document. This document details the ethical execution of the directors’ roles in the firm. The last document the Code of Ethics for Executive Officers (Appendix 1) also explains how the senior management at Burger King ought to execute their functions in an ethical manner. The document acknowledge the special challenges posed by occupying leadership posit ions and the ethical dilemmas faced, and then details the steps that ensure ethical carriage of duties. Together, these four policy documents exhaustively establish Burger King’s position on ethics in all the firm’s operations (Investor Relations, 2009). ... Burger King’s budget on Lobbying is considerably high- $135,289 in 2010- from which we can discern maintenance of a public position on ethics through the connection of the Vice President heading ethics and being a lobbyist. However, Burger King concentrates on internal mechanisms to ensure ethical operations and does little on a public ethics position. This is a major fail on the part of the firm as issues on ethics are largely swayed by the public’s perception. Internal Guidelines The internal guidelines on ethics revolve around guiding matters of inclusion and diversity, conflicting interests, data privacy, financial reporting, food and drink safety and quality, hiring practices, communicating with the outside world and protecting the environment among other important aspects. The internal guidelines aim at ensuring ethics forms an important part of Burger King’s company culture and hence are exhaustive, covering all possible aspects at which ethical considerat ions and dilemmas may arise. These Codes of Ethics policy documents for the different levels of workforce- employees, vendors, directors and executive officers- effectively cover aspects of employee-employee and employee-public interactions. Defined Process The Burger King Corporation (2009) details the internal process to follow in case of a breach of ethics; first, each employee has to understand the firm’s ethical policies. In cases where an employee discerns a breach of the firm’s ethical policy, he/she should report to the chief of ethics, compliance officer, human resource representative or attorney from the law department. Such information will only be disclosed to the relevant parties, with the reports taken seriously and promptly investigated. However,

Request for college transfer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Request for college transfer - Essay Example As a result of my continuous interaction with the students, I have also gained a lot of improvement owing to the fact that practice makes perfect. By taking the students through music lessons, I have had to come in contact with major changes and advancements in this ever-changing profession. I have gained a lot of personal experience with music instruments and key terms that are very essential in the career. Besides working as a music tutor in the college, I also play piano in my local church every Sunday and other days when the church is holding a special event. This has helped me in developing my skills as well as gaining more experience on this basic music instrument. In addition to that, I attend recitals at school so as to enhance my performing skills. With the skills that I have gained over time, I have managed to inspire many students who have greatly benefited from my initiatives. I take a personal approach in my teaching duties by responding to the specific needs of the stud ents. I have developed an approach of extending the individual programs to students who need special attention and are unable to cope up well in the general class lessons. As a music performer, my songs are aimed at addressing the key issues affecting the society as well as the various means of overcoming the global challenges. I desire to positively impact the society around me using music which is a very strong tool of communication and light means of speaking against the evils propagated by various people in the society. I have a deep believe that this transfer will enable me fulfill my childhood dream of becoming a successful musician who will impact the whole world through music. My other goal is to pursue a degree in music as that will go hand in hand with being an accomplished musician.

A Case Study At The HSBC

A Case Study At The HSBC Chapter 1 Literature Review 1.1 Overview of Corporate Social Responsibility The notion that business has duties to society is firmly well-established, despite the fact that in the past there has been a revolution in the way people view the relationship between business and society. Numerous researchers suggest that companies which indulge in corporate social responsibility obtain consumers positive product and brand evaluations, brand choice, brand recommendations, good attitude to firm, good image of the firm, purchase intention and even enjoy a premium price. Spurred at least in part by such evidences, more companies than ever before are backing CSR initiatives such as corporate philanthropy, cause-related marketing, minority support programs, and socially responsible employment and manufacturing practices with real financial muscle. Not surprisingly, this trend is also reflected in the pervasive belief among business leaders that CSR is an economic imperative in todays national as well as global marketplace. However despite the increasing importance of CSR, there is little research available about CSRs impact on consumers. According to Yoon (2003), it is not clear when and how CSR activities influence consumer evaluations. Recent researchers have suggested that a CSR activity might backfire on the company if the consumers have become suspicious and infer that the companys true motive for the CSR activity is only to improve its image to sell more products without trying to act for the sake of consumers 1.1.1 Defining Corporate Social Responsibility According to Kotler (1991), Corporate social responsibility is about doing business in a way that maintains or improves both the customers and societys well being; Fombrun and Gordberg (2000)s point of view is that, corporate social Responsibility is something that no sane chairman should be without. On the other hand, Petkus and Woodruff (1992) believe CSR includes both avoiding harm and doing good. Corporate social responsibility is viewed as a companys commitment to minimize or eliminate any harmful effects and maximizing its long run beneficial impact on society. Corporate social responsibility activities include numerous factors; namely meeting customer expectations, demonstrating commitment to environmental responsibility, improved environmental performance, staying ahead of the legislation, and increased employee motivation. Mohr, Webb, and Harris (2001, 47) define CSR as a companys commitment to minimizing or eliminating any harmful effects and maximizing its long-run beneficial impact on society. Though, Angelidis and Ibrahim (1993) define corporate social responsibility as corporate social actions whose purpose is to satisfy social needs, Lerner and Fryxell (1988) suggest that CSR describes the extent to which organizational outcomes are consistent with societal values and expectations. While some view CSR as an obligation, others, namely: Enderle Tavis (1998) define corporate social responsibility as the policy and practice of a corporations social involvement over and beyond its legal obligations for the benefit of the society at large. 1.1.2 Dimensions of Social Responsibility The dimension of social responsibility was propounded by Carroll (1979). It was proposed that organisations have to have 4 pillars that must be fulfilled to be good corporate citizens. They are: Economic Dimension. Economic responsibility is to be profitable for principals, by delivering a good quality product, at a fair price, is due to customers. Legal Dimension. Legal duties entail complying with the law and playing by the rules of the game. Ethical Dimension. Ethical duties overcome the limitations of legal duties. They entail being moral, doing what is right, just, and fair; respecting peoples moral rights; and avoiding harm or social injury as well as preventing harm caused by others (Smith and Quelch, 1993). Philanthropic Dimension. Interest in doing good for society, regardless of its impact on the bottom line is what is called philanthropic CSR that is giving back time and money in the forms of voluntary service, voluntary association and voluntary. 1.2 Evolution of the CSR concept. Even relatively contemporary, a theory of CSR can be divided into four eras based on several conceptual shifts (Lee, 2008). The first dominant theme emerged during 1950s and 1960s concentrating on ethics and social obligation of business. A pivotal study by Bowen (1953) contended that CSR is an obligation of businessmen to act in line with the objectives and values of society. CSR was posited as a complementary and corrective measure for some social failures in the laissez-faire economy. Friedman on the other hand was concerned with the insufficient skills of corporate managers to solve social problems and potential cost from uncertain outcomes that would reduce the maximization of shareholder wealth a true responsibility of business. Such an intellectual stalemate contributed to the shift from the emphasis on macro-social effects of CSR to an organizational-level analysis of CSRs effect on financial performance. CSR in the second period was central around enlightened self-interest in the 1970s. A conceptual breakthrough by Wallich and McGowan (1970) represented reconciliation between the social and economic interests of corporations. The authors argued that CSR supported the long-term interest of shareholders by strengthening the wellbeing of the society, which provided a crucial support structure and customer base for business operations. Most studies in this era focused on the content and implementation process of CSR to avoid conflict with business interests (Ackerman, 1973; Fitch, 1976; Murray, 1976). A major caveat in this conceptual reconciliation was the lack of a specific mechanism to identify a causal link between social responsibility and financial performance (Weick, 1976). In the 1980s, the tie between the economic and social goals of business became tighter in the corporate social performance model. The dominant theme represented the thirdgeneration of CSR. The multi-dimensional model of corporate social performance was proposed in a pivotal study by Carroll (1979). This model suggested the integration of economic and social objectives in a total CSR framework, featuring economic, legal, ethical and discretionary aspects. The model was modified by Wartick and Cochran (1985) to include principles, processes and policies. Wood (1991) further formulated a more pragmatic model incorporating related theories, such as organizational institutionalism and stakeholder management theory. The limitation of the CSP model was the lack of objective and behavioral measurement to be able to compare the social performance of different companies (Wood and Jones, 1995). An aim to generate business return from CSR is most prominent in the latest development of CSR through strategic management. In this perspective, the stakeholder model has become central to the new CSR paradigm (Jones, 1995). Based on the stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984), Clarkson (1995) ameliorated the measurement problem in CSR through stakeholder identification, separation of stakeholder and social issues, followed by appropriate level of analysis. CSR becomes strategic when integrated into a companys core business competencies by serving as a filter through which strategic decisions are evaluated for their impact on the firms various stakeholders (Werther and Chandler, 2006). Strategic CSR then matches internal core competencies with the external opportunities to complement corporate mission and vision related to social responsibility (Du et al., 2007; Werther and Chandler, 2006). 1.3 CSR and Stakeholders According to Smith (2003), stakeholder theory is based on the principle that companies need to consider the effects of their actions on all constituencies (e.g. shareholders, customers, employees, suppliers, the environment, and the community), even if profitability is reduced. On the contrary, shareholder theory argues that the only responsibility of a company is to (legally) make profits for its shareholders. Mitchell (2001) argues that the shareholder approach increasingly dominates American companies. Furthermore, it is often interpreted as having one basic goal-maximizing stock prices. This, in turn, leads to a short-term perspective because growing proportions of Stockholders buy and sell stocks based on short-term information. Mitchell goes on to argue that companies are obligated to make profits, but there is nothing in the legal system that requires maximization of stock prices or that restricts the time frame to the short term. Nonetheless, a manager who does not produce sufficient earnings for shareholders risks his/her job and puts the company at risk of a takeover (Martin 2002). Martin (2002) further argues that when responsibilities to the community are seen as being likely to come at the shareholders expense, managers usually side with shareholders. He suggests that most socially responsible corporate behaviors are done specifically to enhance shareholder value. These are generally activities undertaken to comply with laws, regulations, or norms. They entail simply meeting the baseline of societys expectations; companies that do not meet basic expectations are likely to lose financially. On the other hand, there are many socially responsible actions taken by companies because managers believe they are the right things to do. Because these actions are outside the norms and may lead to financial losses, they are considered risky. 1.4 Social responsibility, Business Ethics and Corporate Governance. 1.4.1 Social Responsibility and Business Ethics Today, ethics has become more and more important with global business expansion. This is so, because of a raise in ethical and social responsibility concerns. There exists, however, according to Czinkota and Ronkainen (1998), a wide divergence in the level of importance attached to these two issues in different countries. Ethics as defined by Hoffman and Moore (1990) define ethics as what is good and right for people. An individuals perception about whether ethics and social responsibility contribute to organizational effectiveness is likely to be a critical antecedent of whether he/she even perceives an ethical problem in a given situation  [1]  . This is a practical view based on an argument that managers must first recognize that ethics and social responsibility to be imperative to organizational effectiveness before their behaviors will become more ethical and reflect greater social responsibility. Intuitively, ethics and social responsibility should have a positive impact on the success of an organization, because consumers make ethical judgments that are likely to influence their purchases. Consumers recognize organisations that are responsive to ethical and social factors. Consequently, business should care about ethics because adopting the right behaviour helps acquire and preserve good reputation overtime; because ultimately, it pays to do so. 1.4.2 Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance The definition of Corporate Governance differs depending on ones view of the world. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) define Corporate Governance as the ways in which suppliers of finance to corporations assure themselves of getting a return on their investment. Taking a broad perspective on the issues, Gillan and Starks (1998) define Corporate Governance as the system of laws, rules, and factors that control operations at a company. Irrespective of the particular definition used, researchers often view Corporate Governance mechanisms as falling into one of two groups: those internal to firms and those external to firms. Of course, firms are more than just boards, managers, shareholders, and debt holders. Over the years, Corporate Governance has evolved from the traditional profit-centered model to the social responsibility model. These two models illustrate the fundamental conflict that prevails today in Corporate Governance the Profit-Centered Model and the Social Responsibility Model are mutually exclusive. Each focuses on an opposite half of the corporations domain, even though the economic and social aspects of business are closely interrelated. In short, governance is viewed as a zero sum game. Because the economic role of the firm is fundamental to its survival, profit often drives out social considerations. Because knowledge increases when shared, collaborative partnerships between management and stakeholders can be economically productive. Like all partnerships, stakeholder collaboration is a two-way, working relationship that combines the capabilities of partners for their mutual benefit. According to Halal (2000), the wealth-creating role of business arises directly out of integrating stakeholders into a productive whole a corporate community (Figure 1). The corporate community model views the firm as a socioeconomic system in which wealth is created through stakeholder collaboration. This is not done to be socially responsible, but because it is a competitive advantage. Drew et al. (2006) identified five integrated elements that underpin a firms ability to manage risks, engage in effective Corporate Governance, and implement new regulatory changes: Culture, Leadership, Alignment, Systems, and Structure. Each of these elements relate to the others. For example, organizational culture is shaped by leadership practices. Systems support organizational structure and shape its culture. Alignment ensures each element is harmonized with the others so that, for example, explicit cultural norms are reinforced by leadership, and systems reinforce the culture. No one element s tands alone. After engaging in an examination process, board members can map organizational challenges against these elements, identify areas in need of improvement, and plan change management programs. Superior risk management programs and stronger firm governance capabilities result. The elements of CG addressed in Figure 2 could be considered as the core (i.e. management) of Figure 1 (i.e. corporate community model). Combining the models therefore represents the influence of Corporate Governance on CSR or corporate community. Figure 1 The basic cause of todays continuing conflict between profitability and responsibility is that managers do not seem to understand that these two interests can be united. Stakeholder collaboration is now the key to creating economic wealth. In the new perspective, stakeholder collaboration does more than gain resources and political support; it allows joint problem solving to increase the firms store of valuable knowledge. Future research needs to focus on the stakeholder assessment process and its translation into CSR objectives and policies. Therefore, adopting a process-based management systems approach as the foundation for a CSR management system will provide top management with a holistic view of the business that takes into consideration a single system approach to governance. This approach will provide management with internal control, clearly identify responsibility and will embed CSR in their organisation. This approach overcomes much of the criticism surrounding many current CSR systems approaches. Figure 2 The leadership style is also found to play an important role in socially responsible organizations. In this respect, transformational leader seems to be more effective, comparing with manager and transactional leader. Thus corporate governance as a critical element for driving excellence in CSR can be a source of competitive advantage for firms in its own right. 1.5 Consumer Behavior or Socially Responsible Consumer Behavior It has been observed that several personality trait variables affect how a consumer reacts to a companys corporate social responsibility activities. One trait that has been identified is called socially responsible or socially conscious consumer behavior. The socially conscious consumer is a consumer who takes into account the public consequences of his or her private consumption or who attempts to use his or her purchasing power, to bring about social change. According to Webster (1975, 188), the socially conscious consumer is a consumer who takes into account the public consequences of his or her private consumption or one who attempts to use his or her purchasing power to bring about social change. Mohr, Webb, and Harris (2001, 47) define this behavior as a person basing his or her acquisition, usage, and disposition of products on a desire to minimize or eliminate any harmful effects and maximize the long-run beneficial impact on society. Over the years, socially responsible consumer behavior has been seen as a lasting personality trait that engrosses the consumers self-concept. Persons, who are high on this trait, would not hesitate to modify their consumption behaviors in a variety of circumstances in order to struggle toward the ideal of improving society. Much research has been conducted on this trait. Measurement scales have not only been developed but related demographics and attitudes have also been explored. Roberts (1995) used the method of cluster analysis to segregate a group of socially responsible consumers. He estimated them to constitute 32% of the American population. According to him, when one compares this group to most Americans, the latter is more broadminded and environmentally concerned and has higher levels of perceived consumer effectiveness (perceived ability of individual consumers to influence environmental problems). 1.6 The Impact of CSR Activities on Consumer Behavior Consumers need to be aware of the level of CSR of a company so that this factor can have an impact on their purchase. The reason why, building awareness constitutes one of the major purposes behind cause related marketing which is a subset of CSR. Also, consumers are more likely to respond to a companys social responsibility record when they identify with the company  [2]  . Identification is enhanced when consumer perceptions of the companys character are similar to their perceptions of their own character. It is further argued that consumers judge a companys character based more on its CSR than on its business expertise. When consumers personally support the social issues that the company targets (called support for the CSR domain), they are likely to see greater congruence between themselves and the company. In two experiments, CSR was manipulated and its effects on the evaluation of the company were measured. They found that consumer support for the CSR domain significantly moderated the positive effect of CSR on evaluation. Ross, Stutts, and Patterson (199091), who used a non-probability sample, found that 53 percent of the sample, could recall a cause related advertisement for a product, and Webb and Mohr (1998) found that 79 percent of a sample could describe a specific cause-related marketing campaign after the concept was explained to them. Since CSR is a wide and multifaceted concept, knowledge about the social responsibility activities carried out by companies is relatively low. As a result, it is hard for consumers to acquire and store such information. Lack of awareness, therefore becomes the major inhibitor of customer awareness to CSR. Since 1993, according to reported surveys, firms supporting causes are enjoying a more positive image compared to other firms. Furthermore, the Cone Communications Press Release stated that two thirds or more of the sample said that they are likely to switch brands or retailers to those participating in cause related marketing. Demand from socially responsible consumers may increase in line with increasing promotion of a firms socially responsible activities; research by Sen and Bhattacharya (2001) suggests that consumers sensitive to the particular cause supported by a corporation (such as environmentalism) are more likely to react positively towards that corporation. On the other hand, in interviews with a convenience sample of 225 people, Ross, Stutts, and Patterson (1990-91) found that 49 percent stated that a firms support of a cause had been a primary reason for them to purchase a product, and 54 percent said that they are likely to. Also, most consumers do not understand the ethical dimensions of the products that they purchase (Auger et al, 2003, p. 299) but experimental studies have shown that once consumers acknowledge a firms socially responsible initiatives their evaluation of that firm (and its products) increases (Brown and Dacin, 1997). Furthermore, it has been established that certain demographics are increasingly likely to make consumption choices based on social grounds (McWilliams and Siegel, 2001, p 121). A national telephone study by Smith and Alcorn (1991) found that 46% of respondents were likely to switch brands to a company that donates to non-profit organizations and 30% sometimes buy products based on the charitable causes that the manufacturer supports. Porter and Kramer (2002) believe that strategic philanthropy1 at its most sophisticated can be responsible for enhancing the reputation of a company by linking the admirable qualities of the supported cause to its corporate identity. Moreover, it is believed that concentrating charitable donations and funding on a popular cause through a deliberate selection process may have a greater impact than generalized CSR (Porter and Kramer, 2002). Research by McWilliams and Siegel (2001) has found that not all consumers place a high value on the socially responsible actions of a firm; the price of competing goods can affect the demand for goods provided by socially responsible corporations. Studies conducted at Marymount University (1999) reported that 75 percent of consumers would avoid shopping at a store if it was known that their goods were produced under poor social conditions. Furthermore, it was found that the same consumers would be willing to pay $1 more for a $20 item given that the item was produced under good conditions. These studies show that consumers are willing to pay more for goods produced in a socially responsible manner. Indeed, the University of Maryland (2000) found that approximately 75 percent of consumers would pay an additional $5 at least on a $20 item if it was known that the item was not manufactured in a sweatshop. However, It has been suggested that income has a significant impact on demand for products from firms with a good reputation for CSR; low-income shoppers are seen to be more price sensitive than affluent shoppers. This means that affluent consumers are more willing (and able) to pay a higher price for said products (McWilliams and Siegel, 2001). A survey conducted by Creyer and Ross (1997) measured the attitudes of the parents of elementary school children towards ethical and unethical business behaviour. It was found that respondents expected companies to conduct business in an ethical manner and importantly, respondents stated that they would pay higher prices for products from an ethical company. 2.1 An Overview of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Banking Sector The Mauritian banking industry comprises of 18 banks, of which 5 are local banks, 8 are foreign owned subsidiaries, 1 is a joint venture and 4 are branches of foreign banks.  [3]  The banks are certified by the Bank of Mauritius to carry out banking business locally and internationally. Banks provide several traditional banking facilities and card-based payment services such as credit and debit cards, internet banking and phone banking facilities. Other services such as fund management, custodial services, trusteeship, structured lending, structured trade finance; international portfolio management, private client activities, investment banking, treasury and specialised finance are also offered by banks. The banking sector is now increasingly integrating CSR as a management strategy. External social activities are carried out to benefit the wider social community. The banking sector tops the list with a percentage of 1.2 per cent of profits before tax. For example, the Mauritius Commercial Bank (MCB), the leading bank in Mauritius, has promised 1 per cent of its profits before tax ( £460,000) for social projects this year and Barclays Bank (Mauritius) has dedicated Rs 400,000 for the fight against AIDS. While the State Bank of Mauritius launched scholarships to help the brilliant but needy students of the Gandhian Basic School, the Barclays Bank has adopted the fight against diabetes as its flagship cause. Thus it can be seen that corporate social responsibility is very much present in the banking institutions of Mauritius. There is a belief that the growing of businesses and development of stakeholders must go together. Consequently, more and more companies are participating actively in corporate social responsibility. 2.2 A Profile of HSBC Bank Mauritius Limited HSBC Bank (Mauritius) Limited is part of an international banking and financial services organisation with a network of some 9,500 offices in 86 jurisdictions. (MBA Profile of Banks, 2010) The history of the HSBC Group in Mauritius can be mapped out from 1859, when the Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, London and China (the predecessor of the Mercantile Bank Ltd) established a branch in Port-Louis. It started with community investment back then with the financing of one well-known project that was the construction of the Port Louis to Curepipe railway network, in 1864. In 1865, a decision was made to close the branch. The bank was represented by the Blyth Brothers and Co Ltd for the next half century. In 1892, the Chartered Mercantile Bank was renamed as The Mercantile Bank of India Limited and in 1916, it came back to Mauritius through the acquisition of not only the then Bank of Mauritius, which was previously a commercial bank but also its historic building in Place dArmes. Mercantile Bank conducted business from its main office at Place dArmes continuously. In 1959, the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited purchased the Mercantile Bank and in 1983, the name of the Groups operations in Mauritius was changed from the Mercantile Bank Ltd to The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited. In 1999, the international brand name HSBC was launched. Finally in 2002, HSBC started on a campaign to distinguish its brand from those of its opponents by describing the unique characteristics that make out HSBC, abridged by the words The worlds local bank. 2.2.1 Mission To be the worlds leading financial services company. We want to be the first choice for our customers and for our employees. If HSBC can be the best place to bank and the best place to work, we will have built a sustainable business that will deliver for the long term for customers, colleagues, shareholders and society at large. 2.3 Corporate Social Responsibility at HSBC Bank Mauritius Limited At the HSBC, there is a culture to manage business in a responsible and sensitive manner. There is a belief to have a duty towards customers, investors and employees to promote an ethical, responsible and sustainable corporate philosophy. The social initiatives undertaken by the HSBC are channeled into different levels, that is: Investing in communities Working together Protecting the environment Sustainable finance 2.3.1 INVESTING IN COMMUNITIES The HSBC aims to make a positive impact in all communities it operates. The community investment at the HSBC is mainly focused on two pillars which are education and environment. The educational support focuses on disadvantaged children such as orphaned children of the SOS Childrens Villages, on environmental and business literacy and environmental education and understanding. The HSBC Eco-Schools Climate Initiative was initiated in affiliation with the Foundation for Environmental Education. The intention of the programme is to encourage action on climate change by improving schools environmental good organization. 2.3.2 WORKING TOGETHER Employees At the HSBC, employees are believed to be their greatest asset. There is a perception to look harder so as to understand things more deeply. Staffs are driven by the belief that they can form a better future. Their priority is to exceed customer expectation. There is neither labeling nor discrimination and customers are rewarded for their commitment. Promoting Development The HSBC aims at promoting development of its employees not only through e-learning courses easily available both at home and at work but also through exchanges and overseas assignments. Committed to employees well-being HSBC employees have access to its gym to promote healthy living. Also available is an internal library with a collection of books on well being, yoga, healthy living and stress relief. The aim of the organization of the Health Week is to create awareness on the prevention of non-communicable diseases and to contribute by donating blood. Customers Customers are treated fairly and with respect. Despite being strict, the lending criteria take into consideration the customers ability to repay the loan. There is adherence to the MBA Code of Banking Practice. To maintain awareness about customer views, customer surveys are carried out. Suppliers Suppliers are required to abide by HSBCs policies and respect rights of employees. In case, after developing a plan to put a worry at rest, suppliers fail to improve, the HSBC stops working with them. 2.3.3 PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT The HSBC is very committed to the environment. In 2005, it became the worlds first carbon neutral bank. It is trying to optimize operations through environmental management systems. Water Saving Campaign In 2008, the HSBC teamed up with the Central Water Authority to launch a water saving campaign. It aimed to sensitizing the population about the scarcity of water and finding easy ways of saving water. Activities were organized; internally, through the theme of Be Part of the Solution where staff got the opportunity to visit the Meteorological Station of Vacoas and externally, through billboards, daily radio advertisements and tips in local newspapers and distribution of 12000 educational leaflets. Sustainability of Office Infrastructure and Internet Banking All in one device are being used to save energy. Consequently, there is a cutback in amount of equipment, consumption of electricity, toner cartridges and paper and maintenance cost. Through the use of internet banking, the HSBC is trying to provide its customers with their banking needs while at the same time trying to reduce printing outcomes. 2.3.4 SUSTAINABLE FINANCE Through sustainable finance, the HSBC is trying to incorporate the environmental criterion in its lending policies. Consequently, the organization will be able to assist its clients in building environmentally sustainable busin