Extended families are making a comeback in many countries around the world Essay

Family is one of the most valuable and irreplaceable things that one is blessed with in a lifetime. A family is the foundation to everyone’s life. The outcome of your life is dependent on your family. Morals and values are obtained from your family circle. There are many types of family that exists in today’s society, each important to the upbringing of children. The most common type of families found in Maldives are extended family and nuclear family. Nuclear family is a family unit consisting of a mother and father and their children. Extended family is a family group that consists of grandparents, parents, children, siblings and their immediate family, uncles and aunts living together in the same house. According to Population and Housing Census, 2006 (2007), roughly 80 percent of Maldivian households consists of a single nuclear family composed of a married couple and their children rather than an extended family. Nevertheless, Male’ city, the capital of Maldives is flourishing with more extended families living in the households. In fact, this development is due to people migrating to Male’ for better health facilities, quality education, job opportunities and many more luxurious facilities. However, extended families living together in Male’ has many benefits and drawbacks. Many people who have extended families find that due to several generations living under the same roof, there are plenty of role models for the children of the household to look up to and learn from, with many elder family members being able to pass down certain traditions to the younger members. In today’s world where people talk about equal opportunity as well as high living costs, where both parents have to work in order to provide all the necessities for the children, grandparents take care of the younger children. They see to that the child has nutritious food and keep an eye on them thus preventing them from getting into bad habits. Also they talk to the children or share stories from their past which develops a strong bond between them. Being in a bigger family with more people to talk to help a child develop quicker. For example, with more voices in the house, toddlers may start talking quicker, also this helps children their language development. According to What influences child development? (2012), the family that invests time, energy and love in raising a child will see the most positive growth. On the other hand, different experiences and beliefs each generation grew up create barriers between generations. Grandparents have difficulty enjoying grandchildren’s fashion, works situations, future plans or use of new technology. Grandchildren have difficulty in understanding their grandparents because they feel that their privacy is being invaded, and their grandparents intervene in their life by setting limits. Hence it develops conflict among the old generation and the young generations. Furthermore, living in Male’ very expensive. According to the Vulnerability and Poverty Assessment 2004, renting households across all income groups paid around 45 percent of their income on rent. Thus sharing the rent and expenses among all the members resulted in many family members living in small households congested with a lot of family members. Even though expenses of rent, utility bills and foods is shouldered by all members, misunderstanding and conflict arises on how members contribute to foot the bills and how they get to maximize the use of things which are bought to the household. For example, a computer system bought by one sibling may be used more by a child of another sibling and may not be available for use when in need. These kinds misuse of facilities available create sibling rivalry. These kinds of conflicts leads to fallout among members which take longer to forgive and arguments can reignite very easily. On the other hand in an extended family you can find a stronger feeling of security being surrounded by family and knowing that there will be someone to support you when in need. Like everyone being able to support one another through a crisis such as one of the family members losing their job. In these cases, all extended family work together to support each other until a new job can be found. Extended families also give the feeling of belonging because we see people who have a link to us through origin, making them feel something bigger than just themselves. According to Population and Housing Census 2006 (2007), the capital Male’ with an area of about 2 sq. km. accommodates 35 percent of the country’s population of 298,968. In short this means that Male’ which has always been the center of all development in the country results in overcrowded housing units. Vulnerability and Poverty Assessment 2004 explains that between 1997 and 2004, the proportion of people living in houses with 40 square feet or fewer of housing areas per person has increased from 17 to 22 percent and the percentage of houses with a compound has decreased from 57 to 39 percent hence making the capital city much more crowded. As a result members living in a household have less personal privacy and weak family relationships. Most of the time during weekends people want to be on their own, but in an extended family these types of freedom are not possible. It is certainly disturbing that somebody is playing cards or PS-3 or watching television while others are working at home or studying for exam or just relaxing. If kids are fighting and elders have a misunderstanding then in these families people will not have a peaceful environment. Parents find it difficult to spend quality time with their children on an individual basis and also find it impossible to have private time away from them. Lack of privacy is linked to depression and other negative psychological outcomes like physical health. First household crowding can produce stress that leads to illness. Second, through shared physical proximity, household congestion contributes to the spread of communicable disease. A significant body of research, conducted primarily in affluent countries, has documented the unfavorable effects of housing conditions on a range of illnesses, including various contagious diseases. On the other hand, where most of the family are working to earn a better income, household chores becomes easier as it is shared among all members. Humans are social, in terms of nature and thus they cannot live alone. Therefore, people’s character and ethics are grown and strengthened through family. It is proven that an extended family is a better economic unit because it consumes lesser resources and provides more role models for behavior of values. In conclusion living in extended family is tough because you lose a significant amount of freedom and is forced to sacrifice a lot for your family. But realize the value of having family to help and support when in need. Taking the country as a whole extended families will out win advantages over disadvantages. But regard to the capital city, Male’, disadvantages outweighs advantages of extended family.

Geo Mapping and Small Industries Essay

1. Identify the key software applications used by The Tea Collection. The Tea Collection used information technologies very successfully to create their business and to make it one of the fastest growing private companies in the US. They do not only use software to design their clothes, they also use applications to sell their products. The executives use geographic data- mapping software to target new selling areas, where are not that many stores for children’s clothing but good demographic circumstances. The Tea Collection has also created a tool bag-in-tool for their retailers to make it easier for them to order new products over the internet. 2. How does the geo-mapping software help the company grow? Explain how sales reps use the results of the geo-mapping system. Tea Collection uses software to be able to sell their clothing line across the country. The executive of Tea Collection uses the software â€Å"geo-mapping† to find territories in the United States where there is not a lot of children’s clothing sold and they can expect to build up their company there because the area is not oversaturated with children’s clothing. It is a geographic data-mapping software, which he uses to find the best place to build up a new Tea Collection store. With the software he can find out the ZIP code of the area without many children’s clothe stores and see the area from closer to make out the landscape where they think a Tea Collection store would fit in best. A yellow dot in a green area shows the highest prospect and sales reps use this system to sell their line there.The geo-mapping software is insofar relevant to the material learned in the 3rd lecture, because it is an information system. In the Tea Collection it especially plays a role for ensuring their survival and to promote competitive advantage. The customer service is as well improved. Tea Collection invests one percent of the income into information systems to develop new services they can use in their company. 3. What is the main technology challenge identified in the video? How would you suggest this challenge should be addressed? The main technology challenge identified in this video is the integration of the different computer systems, according to Rawdon, one of the founders of this business †the biggest challenge is the technology’s integration† The Tea Collection uses â€Å"multiple computer systems which don`t integrate automatically† (Rawdon) and therefore the task of integrating those systems are accomplished by people. Firstly, I would suggest to address this challenge by investing money in in-house training of the people working on integrating these systems. So that everyone in the company has the same knowledge consequently it will be easier to work together Moreover, on communication specialized employees whose task is the communication between the people working with those computer systems could enhance the working atmosphere as well as lower the time needed. Finally, Rawdon also states that the Tea Collection couldn’t survive without technologies. In spite of this the company only invests one percent of sales in IT. It could be suggested to invest more money in technologies and also in research to figure out a better integration of the computer systems. This would result in less dependency on people and therefore in less time and less mistakes. 4. Do you believe this company can continue to grow rapidly with the existing software and hardware they have demonstrated in this video? Why or why not? According to the information provided and considering the development of information technologies, the smaller companies like The Tea Collection could expand and grow rapidly. Their business would not be realizable and successful without technology, because business owners know that time is money – and no business can afford to be days behind the competition. We do believe that with the software and the hardware demonstrated, the company will continue the steady growth shown in the past 10 years and spending only 1% of the sales on IT, seems to be the best investment in their flourishing business.

The Work Of Factory Workers - 946 Words

Factory Workers Jacob Miranda – Human Resource Management CSU Gobal – US History Factory workers As this nation has become independent and started to grow. There were new beginning of of an era that not everyone was going to work on a farm or a plantation but soon a production that people would be working in a warehouse with machines producing goods. (First Slide) The first factory in the United States was begun after George Washington became President. In 1790, SAMUEL SLATER, a cotton spinner s apprentice who left England the year before with the secrets of textile machinery, built a factory from memory to produce spindles of yarn. Once this was built many people followed in the footsteps and 1000’s of factories opened up in time. This was a time in history that technology became a leading industry in America. Machines were built to produce goods in the factories as many factory workers worked in dangerous settings and many got hurt from these machines. Each factory floor was packed with up to 250 machines, with little space between them. Women, Slaves, a nd Children were forced to work at a young age and this was the growth of the industrial revolution. I know for a fact that this is a time that None of us would want to work in these conditions as they were not safe for anyone to work in and we have come a long way in for factory workers to be happy with where they work, work in a safe environment and paid a better wage then the begging time of factory workers. ItShow MoreRelatedGlobalization, Efficiency and Loneliness1414 Words   |  6 Pagesin America and made in China because Chinese factories can produce the iPhones faster and cheaper than American factories. In other words, globalization corporation is looking for efficiency in time and money. However, , this kind of efficiency is built on the workers bad working condition, workers low salary and lack of basic workers protection and right. In contrast to, providing efficiency not only make life physically difficult for factory workers, but also create difficult in mentally wayRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of The Industrial Revolution948 Words   |  4 Pagescaused people to work in factories instead of on their farms. They began to work for the same amount of time every day and used machinery instead of making things by hand. This allowed goods to be mass produced cheaply and efficiently. In short the Industrial Revolution was a dramatic change in all aspects of work. As competitio n increased for companies factories and other employers desire for money also grew so to the population and demand for industrialization. This new kind of work became a negativeRead MoreIndustrial Revolution : A Working Class Citizen1295 Words   |  6 Pagesof factories opened where goods were manufactured. These goods were created at a much faster pace than ever before, and required big machines and lots of physical labor. The labor came from the citizens in England who were former farmers who urbanized and moved to the cities. These people made up the working class in England and they provided the labor in the factories. For the most part the factories were very crowded, hot and dangerous for the workers. But was this life in the factory betterRead MoreA Brief Note On The Garment Industry And Bangladesh1681 Words   |  7 Pagesis one of these developing countries that are trying to become an influence in the global economy by allowing multinational corporations to build a nd have garment factories in their countries while profiting by the work these companies create. Unfortunately, the workers in these factories face unfair treatment by their employers and work under unsafe conditions that can eventually cause them to die. 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For instance: carryingRead MoreFactory Working Conditions Of Bangladesh877 Words   |  4 Pages Factory Working Conditions In Bangladesh Does it take a catastrophic event for the factories in Bangladesh to become know for the harsh working conditions? Most Americans don’t understand, nor do Americans see how the factories and sweatshop workers are affected by the unsafe environments, the illegal use of children, and the minimal pay with no compensation. Americans take for granted the pay received, and the type of working conditions that are set in order to for the business to operate.Read MoreStatistics Of The Chinese Government1693 Words   |  7 PagesStatistics of the Chinese government (NBS, 2015) shows that the monthly wages of its migrating workers is  ¥2864 RMB, approximately  £3500 a year. At the same time, the wage levels of the Chinese migrating workers have continued to rise in recent years (see Appendix 2). Comparing these figures with Chinese per capita annual income of  £1300 (WB, 2014), female factory workers seem to enjoy relatively good wages. However, these figures miss to calculate th e shadow price on wage gap between them and theirRead MoreThe Sweatshop Industry and Child Labour in NICs Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pagescompanies code of vendor conduct clearly states that no workers are employed under the legal minimum age and sweatshops dont exist in their factories. A sweatshop is a factory where employees are subject to extreme exploitation; they work in dreadful conditions with health and safety hazards, for little pay and long hours. Child labour is, as the word suggests, when children under the legal minimum age are employed to work When we hear brand names such as Nike and GapRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Was An Innovative Period For Entrepreneurs And Inventors1301 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduced. However, many of those of the factory workers suffered from the social and economic conditions that resulted from the revolution in the 19th and 20th centuries. Some social conditions were that working women increasingly took up the workforce in textile factories as a way to earn money, but they also faced abuse from men and the harsh working conditions. Furthermore, manufacturers wanted to increase their profits by ensuring that the maximum amount of work could be done in a day, thus they increased

The Basics of Essay Samples Images

The Basics of Essay Samples Images So as a way to receive a small relief from this excess burden, it is critical that students obtain their essays written by online professionals. In writing a composition or an essay, it's crucial to know your examiners won't only examine your content but in addition look at important things like your grammar, punctuation, and your style of writing. Some students find a great deal of difficulty writing the essay, even if they can discover strong points. A teacher's portfolio can contain an assortment of different parts of evidence which work to demonstrate their ability for a teacher. As a writer, you have the choice of narrowing the reach of your paper. Students should settle on which position they need to take based upon the amount and caliber of the points they're ready to come up with to support their position. They must have a high level of discipline to have on a uniform because this method of dressing does not allow you to dress in an y other fashion or particular style that you desire. There are a few topics which are absolutely unseen and students find difficulty in locating the proper direction and method of information collection. You need to read the example answers to have ideas about what are good forms of answers and what are bad varieties of answers. Our Harvard style papers are also custom written in line with the instructions supplied by our customers. You are able to read more on the subject of the different citation styles at this site. What You Don't Know About Essay Samples Images Another thing to remember about assumptions is that the number of assumptions you're in a position to make depends in large part on the scope and duration of your paper. Basically however, the idea is to refrain from making assumptions that very few or no acceptable men and women would make. When selecting a definition, bear in mind that there are many kinds of ethical arguments and that the manner in which you ar gue for your specific claim depends in large part on how you define your terms. Quite simply, an ethical argument tries to demonstrate that a particular issue is either morally right or wrong. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Essay Samples Images First things first, You will want to choose what type of information to put in your disclaimer. You would then have to supply an argument which indicates that a specific mind-independent moral obligation exists. The very first portion of making this kind of argument is normally establishing that we have a tendency to care about and sympathize with different humans. You would have to first provide an argument for the presence of mind-independent moral obligations. The Essay Samples Images Stories Enlarge your wordlist, if you don't need the examiners to truly feel bored due to the restricted vocabulary. Most teachers keep sample papers from prior years and they're always keen to share them with students who must find samples. It is also critical for students as soon as it comes to English Language examinations. With this implementation of uniforms, students do not need to be worried about attempting to outshine different students in dressing. Where to Find Essay Samples Images The writing of a disclaimer can be a hard job for a person who has never written one before, therefore I will supply you with a concise guide which you can use and follow. From that point, your task for a writer would be to demonstrate that the action which you're claiming is ethical improves human well-being. A professionally written resume can help you acquire the job which you need and the pay you deserve. Facts, Fiction and Essay Samples Images There could be hundreds of more people that are aspiring to become part of that school and you may need to face a stiff competition with them. Let's say that you're writing an essay on The significant causes of Road Accidents in your City, it's obvious you're going to develop a coup le points. The majority of them are designed particularly for children and teenagers, and my students have found them tremendously helpful. A project is something to help you become from a photographic slump, doing the exact thing over and over again. The Tried and True Method for Essay Samples Images in Step by Step Detail Therefore, if you're searching for assistance in writing a resume, you might want to start looking into using an internet or downloadable resume builder. Teachers seeking work in today's market have to use every tool at their disposal the teaching job market is quite tough, and that means you will need every benefit. Finding out how to persuade and influence will produce the difference between hoping to have a better income and having a better income. In reality, there doesn't appear to be a big difference between the resume software package and the online resume builder except that one which you download to your hard disk and the other you've got to see t he site to work from. Photograph the rooms and the details, which means that you might need to work with distinct lenses. Just makes sure you include a group of those. 1 photo essay idea I have always wished to try is to photograph one landmark from several different vantage points. At this point you have a group of folks sharing and liking your images.

Australian Holden Motor Limited Diversification Strategy Research Paper

Essays on Australian Holden Motor Limited Diversification Strategy Research Paper The paper "Australian Holden Motor Limited Diversification Strategy" is an excellent example of a research paper on marketing. This paper seeks to provide information about the Australian Holden Motor Limited diversification strategy. The diversification strategy is in terms of brands it produces, the quality and other aspects of diversification. The paper is divided into the section to provide relevant information under every heading and subheading. The information about Holden is collected from other research conducted on the company as well as information from secondary sources such as the internet. The paper will, therefore, be presented in the form of a report to reflect will on the issue of diversification. Finally, this paper is aimed at marketing Holden Ltd Australia to China and comes as a proposal.2.0 BackgroundGeneral Motor Holden Limited is a secondary branch of Australian General Motor located in Victoria-Melbourne (General Motors-Holden’s Limited, 1953). It was f ounded by James Alexander Holden back in 1885 and in 1908 it started dealing in automotive. The dream of building a car that was exclusively Australian was conceived towards the end of the 1930s but it was put on waiting after the emergence of the Second World War (AG, 2011). During the war period, the company produced over 30,000 bodies for not only Australian but also United States forces. It was also involved in building other equipment like guns, boats, aircraft, trucks, airplanes as well as marine engines and parts. Currently, Holden has produced a wide variety of local vehicles with the help of imported General Motor models. Holden has contributed to building other models like Nissan, Vauxhall, Toyota, Suzuki, and Chevrolet. In addition, most if not all of the Australian built vehicles are assembled at South Australia-Elizabeth; with engines made at Fishermans in Melbourne. Despite Holden’s contribution to export has varied since 1950, the strategy of minimizing sales l arge cars in Australia has made the company look for greener pastures in the international market with the aim of increasing profitability (General Motors-Holden’s Limited, 1953).Holden Barina is one of the automotive models manufactured by Holden Limited and it has been on the market since 1985. Furthermore, the company manufactures vehicles such as Epica, Sportsman, Ute, Cruze, Commodore, Combo, Colorado, Captiva, Caprice and Calais (HBR, 2010). The â€Å"state of the art† facilities give the company a competitive edge over other automobile manufacturing companies not only in Australia but also abroad. The company’s values include â€Å"being a workplace of choice, driving a culture of accountability to deliver outstanding business results.† In addition, the company strives to make its products and vehicles relevant, sustainable as well as accessible to all people and at the same time provide outstanding customer service. The goal of the company is to b e recognized as the frontrunner in services and operations, environmentally sustainable products (AG, 2011).

Jimmy Carter Essay Example For Students

Jimmy Carter Essay The President of Peace Jimmy Carter was born October 1, 1924, in the small farming town of Plains, Georgia, and grew up in the nearby community of Archery. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr., was a farmer and businessman; his mother, Lillian Gordy, a registered nurse. He was educated in the Plains public schools, attended Georgia Southwestern College and the Georgia Institute of Technology, and received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1946. On July 7, 1946, he married Rosalynn Smith. When his father died in 1953, he resigned a naval commission and returned to Plains. He became involved in the affairs of the community, serving as chairman of the county school board and the first president of the Georgia Planning Association. In 1962 he won election to the Georgia Senate. He lost his first gubernatorial campaign in 1966, but won the next election, becoming Georgias 76th governor on January 12, 1971. He was the Democratic National Committee campaign chairman for the 1974 congressional elections (Hochman html). After only serving one term as governor of Georgia he announced his candidacy for president of the United States on December 12, 1974. He won his partys nomination on the first ballot at the 1976 Democratic National Convention, and was elected the 39th president of the United States on November 2, 1976. During his presidency, Jimmy Carter made many important foreign policy accomplishments, including the Panama Canal treaties, the Diplomatic relations with China, and the Salt II treaty with the Soviet Union. Jimmy Carters first foreign policy accomplishment, and by the United States citizens, the most popular, were the Panama Canal treaties. After more than eighty years after the first official ocean-to-ocean transit of the Panama Canal, the United States and Panama embarked on a partnership for the management, operation and defense of the Panama Canal. Under two treaties signed in a ceremony at the OAS headquarters in Was hington, D.C., on September 7, 1977, the canal would be operated by the United States until the turn of the century under arrangements designed to strengthen the bonds of friendship and cooperation between the two countries. The treaties were approved by Panama in a plebiscite on October 23, 1977, and the United States Senate gave its advice and consent to their ratification in March and April 1978. The new treaties went into effect October 1, 1979 (Yahoo.com). The new treaties, passed under the Carter administration and Panamas head of state Omar Torrijos would give Panama full control of the canal on December 31, 1999, at 12:00 midnight. All of the canals assets would also be turned over to Panama (Lycos.com). The ratification of the Panama Canal treaties was an important step involving a decrease in Third World hostility toward the United States (Dumbrell 212). Carter and his advisors agreed even before the inauguration that the canal negotiations should be an immediate priority. If the United States did not successfully complete negotiations, which had been going on since the Johnson administration, the government of Panama might create conflict in the zone that would require drastic American action (Hargrove 123). Another of President Jimmy Carters foreign policy accomplishments was his normalizing relations with the Peoples Republic of China. Over the winter of 1977-1978 Carter cultivated relations with Chinese officials in Washington, and solicited an official invitation to visit China himself. However the president pulled back after his advisor Mondale stated that it was too much to ask the senate to handle the Panama Canal treaties and any new agreements with China at the same time. President Carter was thus told not to be explicit about normalization, and that his visit to China was inconclusive. In the Spring of 1978 president Carter decided that the Secretary of State Vance would visit China. Vance would visit China but would not be authorized to negotiate about normalization because Carter was afraid it might hurt developing relations with Russia and Japan. The United States and the Soviet Union were beginning to negotiate a S.A.L.T. (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) treaty, and Presi dent Carter was determined not to delay any SALT negotiations. Vance was not authorized to negotiate in China, but did a good job of laying the groundwork for future agreements. .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .postImageUrl , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:hover , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:visited , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:active { border:0!important; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:active , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: President John F. Kennedy EssayIn the summer and Fall of 1978 president Carter negotiated the terms of normalization directly with the Chinese through the United States ambassador to China, Leonard Woodcock. Jimmy Carter believed that having better relations and stronger ties with China would help bring negotiations with the Soviet Union to a successful end. Directly after normalization terms concluded with China, president Carter pushed for a SALT treaty. By January 1979, Vance had met with Chinas Andrei Gromyko in Geneva to put the finishing touches to SALT (130, 131). By the later part of Jimmy Carters presidency, relations with the Soviet Union began to arise. The United States and the Soviet Union were working together on general terms for a SALT II treaty. Ceilings were set on the number of total strategic nuclear launch vehicles along with a subceiling for vehicles with multiple warheads that each country could hold. The Soviets could keep their total number of missiles and continue to add multiple warheads to them. The United States could increase their number of missiles and warheads up to the ceilings. The two unresolved issues were whether a new Soviet plane, the Backfire, was an offensive bomber (if so it would be included in the agreement) and whether the American Cruise missile, which was not mentioned to the Soviets for some time, would be considered a missile in terms of the Vladivostok agreement. Assuming the possibility of agreement on Backfire and the Cruise, a SALT II treaty based on the Vladivostok meeting would have stabilized the arms race but not reduced weapons arsenals. Limits were set on future development with the goal of parity. Soviet leader Brezhnev made it clear that the Soviets wanted a quick SALT agreement based on Vladivostok, with the Cruise missile included and the Backfire excluded. President Carter in turn suggested that the SALT II could be concluded without Cruise or Backfire but that it might be possible to move toward SALT III with deep reductions in existing forces. The Soviet leaders were uneasy about President Carters proposal to conclude SALT II, and were also concerned about sharp reductions in their existing weapons. The Soviet Union later accepted constraints on both Soviet Backfire and the American Cruise missile as part of the SALT II agreement. Basic agreement between the two nations on SALT II negotiations were achieved in April 1979, but an official SALT II treaty was never ratified. Final differences rounded out at the Carter-Brezhnev summit meeting in June of 1979 (134, 135). The Panama Canal treaties, the normalizing relations with China, and the SALT II treaty with the Soviet Union were among Jimmy Carters important foreign policy accomplishments during his presidency. The two broad foreign policy perspectives Jimmy Carter brought to his presidency was a determination to attack and resolve a number of difficult and outstanding problems. Ratification of the Panama Canal treaties was an important step in that direction. It signaled Jimmy Carters willingness to take on issues that Eisenhower, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford had considered too tricky (Dumbrell 212). Some saw losing the canal as a major loss to the United States because estimated construction costs were around $387 million and the United States had invested about $3 billion in the enterprise since 1903. The majority of the United States citizens had overlooked the money spent on the canal and saw it as a great opportunity to improve relations with Panama. The relations president Carter set with Chi na was also an important step in resolving world peace matters. By giving China full diplomatic recognition, it gave the United States a more neutral stance throughout the world. President Jimmy Carters last great foreign policy achievement before his presidency was over, were the Strategic Arms Limitation negotiations with the Soviet Union. Despite failure of the SALT II treaty being ratified, it set an agreement for the heavy cut back of nuclear weapons for both the United States and the Soviet Union. This was a relief to the citizens of the United States in a sense that the nuclear arms race was coming to a halt. Jimmy Carter was a man who made the most of his opportunities and did what was best, in his mind, for the general public of all United States. The puzzle about the Carter presidency which may never be fully answered is why Jimmy Carter became so unpopular with the media, politicians and the general public, and stayed unpopular during the presidency of his successor. With more political skill, and a good bit more luck, Jimmy Carter might have been a second term president.Bibliography: Works CitedDumbrell, John. The Carter Presidency: A Re-Evaluation. 2nd ed. Manchester UP, 1995. .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .postImageUrl , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:hover , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:visited , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:active { border:0!important; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:active , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Glossary: AARON EssayHargrove, Erwin C. Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1998. Hochman, Steven H. Metacrawler.com: October 1, 1997. . Lycos.com: September 21, 1997. http:/www.simulations.com/panamacanal/index.htm. Yahoo.com: March 1, 1998. http:/www.pancanal.com/ctransition/.

The Role and Effect of Merger and Acquisation in Bank Recapitalization in Nigeria Essay Example

The Role and Effect of Merger and Acquisation in Bank Recapitalization in Nigeria Essay Merger can be defined as the combining of companies; the joining together of two or more companies or organisations and An Acquisition can be defined as the act of acquiring something According to the Encarta Dictionaries. According to answers. com, Recapitalization is restructuring a company’s debt and equity mixture, most often with the aim of making a company’s capital structure more stable. Essentially, the process involves the exchange of one form of financing for another, such as removing preferred shares from the company’s capital structure and replacing them with bonds. Recapitalization in Nigeria banking sector, has built a solid foundation for Nigerian banks to compete favourably with their counterpart world over. Recapitalization causes unemployment due to downsizing, merger and acquisition, it causes deflation as more money is raked from peoples hand (through sales of shares) In order to build the new capital base. It also leads to current crisis of the banking sector (I. e. he unethical lending’s without collateral as the banks has so much money to give to nobody as the recapitalization is aimed at attracting foreign investors that cries of the country’s weak financial/capital market. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY GLOBAL VIEW Abstract We study the stock market valuation of mergers and acquisitions in the European banking industry. Based on a sample of very large deals observed from 1988 to 1997 we document that, on average, at the announcement time the size-adjusted combined performance of both the bidder and the target is statistically significant and economically relevant. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role and Effect of Merger and Acquisation in Bank Recapitalization in Nigeria specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Role and Effect of Merger and Acquisation in Bank Recapitalization in Nigeria specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Role and Effect of Merger and Acquisation in Bank Recapitalization in Nigeria specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although our sample shows a great deal of cross-sectional variation, the general results are mainly driven by the significant positive abnormal returns associated with the announcement of domestic bank to bank deals and by product diversification of banks into insurance. On the contrary, we found that MA with securities and conclude with foreign institutions did not gain a positive market’s expectation. Our results are remarkably different from those reported for US bank mergers. We explain our different as stemming from the different structure and regulation of EU banking markets, which are shown to be more similar between them than as compared with the US one. Abstract purpose-Recapitalization, mergers and acquisitions are the most crucial issues confronting the banking industry in recent times. Yet information relating to these issues is rarely reported in print. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a survey aimed at understanding the challenges faced within the banking industry and the reactions of the banking underwriters towards the recapitalization exercise. MERGER AND ACQUISITION IN NIGERIA’S PERSPECTIVE Following the announcement by the central bank of Nigeria on July 6, 2004 about a major reform program that would transform the banking landscape of the country, an unprecedented process of merger and acquisition has taken place in the Nigerian Banking Sector shrinking the number of banks from 89 banks to 25 banks or banking groups involving 76 banks which altogether account for 93. 5% of the deposit share of the market. Thirteen (13) out of the 89 banks, accounting for only 6. 5% of the deposit share of the industry were not able to make it (CBN, 2006). Mergers and acquisitions represent the ultimate in change for a business and it is expected to add value to the business. No other event is more difficult, challenging, or chaotic as a merger and acquisition. It is imperative that everyone involved in the process has a clear understanding of how the process works. However, merger and acquisitions do not add value in all cases (Ajayi, 2005). There are cases where the synergies projected for merger and acquisition deals are not achieved. Problems and cultural issues are often cited as the top factors in failed integrations. While merger and acquisition activities constitute a growing area of study, the research currently suffers from several limitations. The problem most commonly cited is that the vast majority of work in the area is either based on case study in developed countries. The main thrust of the 13-point reform agenda was the prescription of a minimum shareholders’ funds of N25billion for a Nigerian deposit money bank not later than December 31,2005. The banks were expected to shore up their capital through the injection of fresh funds where applicable, but were most importantly encouraged to enter into merger/acquisitions arrangements with other relatively smaller banks thus taking the advantage of economies of scale to reduce cost of doing business and enhance their competitiveness locally an internationally. Furthermore, there have been no studies that evaluate the effects of merger and acquisition in bank recapitalization in Nigeria as it is a rare occurrence in the country not until the recent banks mergers and acquisitions witnessed in the banking sector as occasioned by the banking reform. This study shall attempts to bridge this gap. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The recent outbreak of bank mergers in Nigeria is attracting much attention, partly because of heightened interest in what motivates firms to merge and how mergers affect efficiency. However, there are often two distinct views to the rationale behind merger and acquisition. The first held view of mergers, especially those involving mega firms, is that firms are merging just to get bigger and not to get more efficient. Accompanying that notion is the fear that as merging firms grab greater market share, individual freedoms, competition and efficiency are threatened, because bigger is perceived as greater concentration of power. The second view holds that firms merger not just to get bigger but also to be more efficient. It is claimed that mergers enable the banking industry to take advantage of new opportunities created by changes in the technological and regulatory environment. A fallout of this is the reduction in the number of banks nationwide but the concentration of power in local banking markets has not increased. And the very force of regulatory change that spurred bank mergers is also bringing new sources of competition to local banking markets. Hence, mergers are playing a useful role in reshaping the banking industry without risking a lack of competition however, it impacts on efficiency deserves attention. This study shall investigate these two contrasting views by examining the effect of the merger and acquisition that had taken place in the Nigerian banking sector on the efficiencies of a selected bank. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The purpose of this project is to examine the overall motive for banks mergers and acquisitions in the Nigerian banking sector, The study will also focus on these objectives: 1). To investigate the impact of merger and acquisition on bank efficiency. 2). To examine the impact of merger and acquisition on the level of competitiveness in the Nigerian banking sector. 3). To identify the motives behind corporate merger and acquisition. 4). To identify those that would benefit and lose in the merger and acquisition process. LITERATURE REVIEW Mergerstat review: international mergers and acquisitions research focuses primarily on wealth transfers. For instance, Doukas and Travlos (1988), besides offering an excellent review of this literature, contrasts the returns to shareholders from U. S and non U. S. based firms expanding into foreign markets. Conn Connell (1990) also include an extensive literature review of merger and acquisitions within their empirical study of wealth transfers between U. S. and British firms expansion into each other’s markets. Outside of the wealth transfer research, empirical international merger and acquisition research is lagging behind its domestic (e. g. ; U. S. ) counterpart which is rich in studies from the perspective of both sides of the negotiation table. Article from Antitrust Bulletin This article provides a broad-brush treatment of the empirical economies literature regarding the effects of merger acquisitions. Much of the literature has direct or indirect implications for competition policy. Merger and acquisition motives There are a number of motives that might play a role in merger activity. The most general motive is simply that the purchasing firm considers the acquisition to be a profitable investment. The most common theme found in the work of economists who have written about merger activity is that mergers are often thought of as an alternative form of investment. Firms will undertake acquisitions when it is the most profitable means of enhancing capacity, obtaining new knowledge or skills, entering new product or geographic areas, or reallocating assets into the control of the most effective managers/owners. Thus many of the same factors that influence major investment decisions would also influence major investment decisions would also influence merger activity. Firms may combine their operations through mergers and acquisitions of corporate assets to reduce production costs, increase output, improve product quality, obtain new technologies, or provide entirely new products. The potential efficiency benefits from mergers and acquisitions include both operating and managerial efficiencies. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The study would examine the following questions: 1). What are the implications of bank merger and acquisition? 2). What are the motives behind bank merger and acquisition? 3). How do merger and acquisition impact on efficiency? 4). How would bank merger and acquisition affect competition in the Nigerian banking sector? 5). What are the benefits and short-comings of merger and acquisition? HYPOTHESIS An hypothesis according to the Encarta dictionary is a theory needing investigation; a tentative explanation for a phenomenon, used as a basis for further investigation OR its also an assumption; a statement that is assumed to be true for the sake of argument. The hypothesis that would be tested in the course of this research is stated below as: 1). That bank merger and acquisition does not affect the banks performance in Nigeria 2). That bank merger and acquisition affects the banks performance in Nigeria RESEARCH METHODOLGY The research work will make use of the econometric procedure in estimating the relationship between the effect of merger and acquisition in bank recapitalization in Nigeria . The ordinary least square (O. L. S) technique will be employed in obtaining the numerical estimate to coefficient in different equation. The O. L. S method is chosen because it possess some optimal properties; its computational procedures is fairly simple and it is also an essential component of most other estimation technique. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY One major significance of this project work relates to the evaluation of merger and acquisition in terms of its impact on efficiency in the post-consolidation era in the Nigerian banking sector. This will serve as a yardstick for the justification for the recent bank merger and acquisition in the Nigerian banking sector. DEFINITIONS OF RELATED TERMS (i) Merger:- A merger (or an amalgamation) occurs when two or more companies transfer their businesses and assets to a new company (or to one of themselves) and in consideration, their members receive shares in the transferee company. (ii) Amalgamation:- The word ‘amalgamation’ is sometimes used interchangeably with the word â€Å"merger†. Like merger, an amalgamation is the fusion of the businesses of two or more companies under the ownership of one company while retaining the rights and interests of members of the fusing companies. iii) Acquisition:- An acquisition occurs when one company acquires sufficient shares in another company so as to give it control of that other company. This may be by a take-over bid or by purchasing shares in the market. (iv) Take–Over/Take–Over Bid:- This is an offer to acquire shares of a company, whose shares are not closely held, addressed to the general body of shareholders, with a view to obtaining at least sufficient shares to give the offeror voting control of the company. SCOPE OF THE STUDY Although, about twenty-five banks emerged after the recapitalisation exercise, nineteen of them were products of merged banks. However, the merger between Standard Trust Bank and United Bank for Africa was the least expected and many are of the opinion that the merger was not to meet the December 31 deadline of the apex, but fuelled by the need to survive and be a major player in the post-consolidation era in Nigerian banking sector. In carrying out this research work, attention would be focused on the Nigerian Banking Industry with special reference to the merger between United bank for Africa (UBA) and Standard Trust Bank (STB). Besides, the field survey shall be conducted only in Lagos branches of the new United Bank for Africa (UBA). LIMITATION OF THE SYUDY The limitation of this study are insufficient time to carryout a deeper study, unwillingness of some organisations to divulge information, distance of some companies of choice and insufficient fund, limited materials to research with.